Physiochemical Evaluation And Tribological Properties Of Eco-Friendly Biodegradable Novel Biolubricant From Banana Peel Wastes

Banana peel,which known as a waste product was shown to have a potential sources of plant/vegetable oils due to slippery effect from the existence of hemicellulose of follicular gels contained in its epicarps.From the literature surveys,it was noted that,limited scientific studies are available on banana peels and has not been given great attention by the researchers.The present study is to extract the oil form banana peel waste of Musa Aliminata Balbisiana (MBS),characterize the physical,physiochemical properties,chemical compositional and functional group analysis,fatty acids profile and wettability analysis of the oil,investigate the tribological behavioural of MBS Oil at different temperatures and loads,investigate the effect of biodegradable additive of Ethyl Cellulose (EC) and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) on tribological performance of MBS oil,analyse the predominant wear mechanism of MBS Oil under wet sliding condition and formulate a mathematical equation for friction and wear of MBS Oil with the presence of EC and EVA using ANOV A Analysis. The peel waste of MBS contained 86.57% of moisture and 0.57% of volatile content.Surface morphology analysis revealed that the existence of follicular gel in the epicarp of peel waste of MBS that was functioned to trapped the oil constituents thus create the slippery effect.A pale brownish of novel bio-oil from banana peel waste of MBS was extracted using soxh/et extraction method.In this methods,11-hexane was used as solvent of extractor at the optimum condition at the temperature of 68 °C for 7 hour.The pale brownish oil exhibit a density at 40 °C of 0.8502 kg/m3 and specific gravity of 0.8536. Physiochemical analysis revealed that,the MBS oil exhibited a refractive index (Rl) of 1.74 and 3.29 eSt of viscosity at 40 °C.Besides,MBS oil contained 2.64 of Free Fatty Acids (FF As),0. 77 g of l:z/ 100 g of oil iodine Values (IV),and 7.46 mg KOH/g Saponification Values (SV), Total Acid Number (TAN) and Total Base Number (TBN) of 0.52 mg KOH/g and 0.77 mg KOH/g respectively.FT-IR analysis showed that,the oil contained an ester of carbonyl functional group,C=O ( 1733.06 cm·1),C-H of cis-di-substituted olefins (1644.42 cm-1) ,=C-H aliphatic groups (1453.39 cm-1),CO ester group (1 244.10 cm·1, 11 73.29 cm·1,1094.79 cm·1,1039.58 cm·1 and 982.34 cm-1 )and -CH2 (72 1.11 cm·1) .MBS oil exhibited a wettability analysis at the contact angle values of 157.55°.Fatty acid analysis revealed that MBS Oil composed of 46% of saturated fatty acids (SF As),46% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUF As) and 4% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUF As).Fatty acids compositional analysis showed that,MBS oils was dominated by Butyric Acid (C4:0), Caproic Acid (C6:0),Myristic Acid (C 14: I),Ginkgolic acid (C 15: I),Gondoic Acid (C20: I ),Methyl Nerranoic Acid (C24: I),Gamma-Linolenic Acid (C 18:3N6) and cis-8, 11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid (C20:3N6).MBS oil showed a lower coefficient of friction,COF values at the load of 80N at 27 °C,40 oc and 100 oc with the ranged of 0.05 to 0.13.Wear Scar Diameter,WSD analysis ranged from 251 J.lm to 1233 J.lm and Wear rate,Ws analysis shows that,it in the ranged from 0.0 16 x 10·15 to 4.0396 x 10"15 mm3/Nmm. The presences of EC and EVA at difference concentration were lead to reduction in COF values for MBS oil due to the synergism effects between EC and EV with the existences of fatty acid compounds in MBS Oil.The predominant wear mechanisms in the tribological study of MBS oil with the presence of EC and EVA were adhesive and abrasive wear which proved by the SEM micrograph and SEM EDX mapping.A mathematical equation for friction and wear were formulated

Band-pass Filter with Harmonics Suppression Capability

This paper presents a Band-pass Filter (BPF) with a very wide suppressions band. The filter design is based on a modified U-shaped slot. Two pair of U-shaped slots is used to ensure that the filter can suppress the unwanted frequencies up to 4th harmonics. In order to achieve sharp skirt, two transmission zeroes are created near the passband area. Additional transmission zeroes are introduced to deepen the stopband area. Therefore, the passband range starts from 1.3 to 3.3 GHz and the stopband range from 3.3 GHz up to 9 GHz are achieved. The filter performances are verified through simulated and measured results

Correlation analysis of biodegradable additives, temperature and loading toward tribology behaviour of musa aluminata balbisiana (MBS) oil

Identification of the effect of the tribological characteristics in lubricant application is a critical part of the experimental process. A correlation study is used to identify the effect of temperature, load and biodegradable additive on the coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear (Ws) from the experimental data. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are the statistical analysis used to identify the relationship between the parameters and the significant difference in response variable which are COF and Ws. Based on the result, there is a positive moderate linear relationship between temperature to both COF and Ws with a score of r between 0.354 to 0.676. In contrast, there is a negative linear relationship between load towards COF and Ws with a -0.285 to -0.460 score of r. There is approximately no correlation with the percentage of biodegradable additives respecting COF and Ws. The result also shows that there is no significant difference between COF and Ws using ANOVA testing with a p-value is more than 0.05. This work may facilitate improvements for other researchers to identify the variable in the experimental design proces

Comparative Evaluation Of Biodegradable Additives Of Ethyl Cellulose (EC) And Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) On Tribological Properties Of MBS Oil

The effect of biodegradable additives of Ethyl cellulose (EC) and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) on tribological properties of oil extracted from banana peel waste of Musa Aluminata Balbisiana (MBS) was evaluated. The presence of EC and EVA at difference strength of concentration leads to reduction in COF, WSD and Ws values for MBS oil. The addition of 4.0% w/w of EC and EVA in pure MBS oil at the parameter of 27 ºC and 100 N of applied load were lead to reduction in WSD and Ws. However, unlike with the COF results, addition of EC and EVA on MBS oil did not show very significant reduction either in WSD or in Ws.Therefore, they would not effectively act as anti-wear properties. It can be inferred that, at the low temperatures and strength, EC is more effectives to lead to the reduction of COF in MBS oil than EVA. Lower COF values of MBS oil with presence of additive of EC and EVA suggest that the indicative of the formation of protective tribo-chemical film, which was promoted by the tribochemical reaction due to the rubbing action and chemical interaction of EC and EVA with MBS oil. MBS oil with addition of EC showed a very stable COF value compared to the addition of EVA is reflected to the strength of the boundary film formed by the oil on the surface. Surface morphology analysis on the spherical pin used in pin on disc in tribological procedures were shown to have a predominant wear mechanisms of adhesive and abrasive wear

The Influence Of Geometrical Dimensions On Electromechanical Performance In Stretchable Circuit

Stretchable conductive ink (SCI) had been extensively studied for fabricating stretchable electronic devices. In this study, silver conductive ink and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were used as substrate. The ink was printed on the substrate using screen printing with different shaped patterns varied by the widths of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm: (a) straight, (b) zig-zag, (c) square and (d) sinusoidal. The measurement of resistance was performed using four-point measurement during unloaded and loaded conditions of the shape pattern. This study revealed that width had influenced the resistivity in all shape patterns, where the narrow the width, the higher the resistance is. Comparative studies of electromechanical analysis of the shaped patterns had showed that a 3 mm width of zig-zag pattern had a better electromechanical performance by having stretchability to maximum of 7.78%. Straight and square shape patterns, however, exhibited the poor tolerate deformation as both failed to conduct electricity upon straining at the minimum elongation of 1.11%

Preparation of GNPs thermally conductive adhesive at different epoxy resin/curing agent ratio and mixing method

Reinforcement of GNPs fillers to polymer composite show remarkable improvement in thermal conductivity. However, high aspect ratio of GNPs attributes to agglomerate during the preparation process, which limits its performance. A proper step methodology is in urgent need to improve the interfacial reaction between the polymer matrix and fillers. The factors that play a significant role during preparation are controlling the epoxy resin/curing agent ratio (stoichiometry ratio) to ensure complete curing reaction and an appropriate mixing and processing method to improve dispersion and distribution of fillers. This study focuses on the effect of varying the ratio of polymer/curing agent to its curing reaction and combining the mixing method with solvent-free approach on the performance of the polymer composite. The results show that a complete curing reaction was observed at its stoichiometry ratio, which is ratio 3:1. The GNPs fillers also founded distribute and disperse well, especially when using BS+PCTM at the ratio of 3:1. This mixing method can avoid agglomeration of fillers and improve the interfacial reaction with good contact between filler-filler interface. As a result, the thermal conductivity of BS+PCTM was enhanced compared to BS+UH. The results presented perhaps facilitated improvement in the preparation of high performance of TC

Thermo-Mechanical And Adhesion Performance Of Silver-Filled Conductive Polymer Composite (SFCP) Using Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Substrate

Emerging of conductive metal filler in nanoscale like Silver-Filled Conductive Polymer Composite (SFCP) ink is one of the important technology for electronic interconnects future. Among the key challenges in the successful development of such materials are to offer high electrical conductivity and good adhesion in polymer-based substrates without compromising on the mechanical reliability of such devices. This paper discussed the characteristics of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) based-materials in terms of their sustainability, wettability and SFCP conductivity of thermal effect (room temperature –25°C), 40°C, 60°C and 80°C). The experimental work involved electrical conductivity measurement using a Four-Point Probe, contact angle measurement and surface roughness analysis. Surface morphology analysis was carried out by using Axioscope 2MAT Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM). The results show that sheet resistance of SFCP increased with an increasing strain and decrease with the increasing of temperature. The above results were observed due to the crack formation against strain but the presents of temperature cause the silver (Ag) particle to expand, filled the gap and form network path for electrical conduction even at maximum temperature and strain (80°C at 80%). Moreover, the TPU shows low wettability that exhibits poor adhesion between SFCP and TPU substrate due to reducing in the contact area between adhesive and substrate that cause the surface has low surface energy when exposed to variation of temperature

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Phytochemical and biological studies on cinnamomum griffithii

The stem barks of Cinnamomunr grif/ithii was extracted using methanol, filtered and evaporated to dryness to give 552.84 g (23.03 % weight / dry weight) crude extract. Solvent partition was performed using solvent with increasing polarities and resulted in four partitions which are hexane (8.12 g), dichloromethane (0.76 g), ethyl acetate (5.91 g) and methanol partition (10.4 g). Further purification of hexane partition and ethyl acetate partition were resulted in one pure compound (greenish crystal from H27 combined fraction) and four semi pure compounds (isolated from H 15,1-11 5b, H 16, E2 and E5b). The pure compound showed the R, value of 0.8 in chloroform-ethyl acetate (3: 2) and exhibited the molecular mass of 256 g/mol corresponded to molecular formula of C 151-112Ow4 ith melting point of 195.0°C 195.8"CC. Infrared spectra showed an absorbance bands at 3390 cm-1 (014 group), 1629 cm-1 (C=0 group), 1603cm_1 (C=C aromatic) and 1300 cm-' (presence of C-0). Based on information from the mass spectrum, infrared, melting point and comparison with published data, the pure compound has been identified as pinocembrin. Meanwhile, the semi pure compounds were identified as 1,2 -dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene, 3-phenylmethyl-2-propanoic acid, 5-ethyl-3,5-dimethyloxazolidione and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Toxicity test against larvae of Artemia salincr was performed and hexane partition showed inhibitory activity against the larvae of Artemia salina with LC5� value of 82.54 pg/ml

Determination of pesticides in water samples using dispersive liquid – liquid microextraction (DLLME) and gas chromatography- micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD) / Husna binti A Hamid

The surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles was carried out in order to change the polarities. The coated particles with octyl group on the surface to ensure the attachment of the functional group and hence improved the extraction process in two step of Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction, DLLME method. Combination of two steps of DLLME method and Gas Chromatography Electron Captured Detector, GC-ECD were used for the extraction and determination of pesticides extracted from water samples (treated waste water, tap water from laboratory and housing area). In this extraction method, CCl4 was selected as the extraction solvent since it shows the highest relative recovery, 41.20 to 98.30 % and 1-octanol was selected as dispersal solvent with the relative recovery of 29.02 to 81.39 %. Under the optimum condition, extraction of pesticides residues in treated waste water, tap water (laboratory and housing area) were investigated. Chlorothalonil in treated waste waters shows the highest content (0.6789 μgL-1) compared tap water in laboratory and hosing area, which lies in the values of 0.4781 and 0.4781 μgL-1 respectively. The presence of DDT residues in three different types of water were detected at the level of 0.1762 to 0.7173 μgL-1. The residue of DDE detected in treated waste water was 0.2122 μgL-1 compared to tap water in housing area (0.1762 μgL-1). However, there are no residues of DDE was detected in tap water collected in laboratory. Chloropyriphos shows the higher percentage recovery compared to the other pesticides residues in the ranges of 43.21 to 86.79 %