1,461 research outputs found
Solving Bongard Problems with a Visual Language and Pragmatic Reasoning
More than 50 years ago Bongard introduced 100 visual concept learning
problems as a testbed for intelligent vision systems. These problems are now
known as Bongard problems. Although they are well known in the cognitive
science and AI communities only moderate progress has been made towards
building systems that can solve a substantial subset of them. In the system
presented here, visual features are extracted through image processing and then
translated into a symbolic visual vocabulary. We introduce a formal language
that allows representing complex visual concepts based on this vocabulary.
Using this language and Bayesian inference, complex visual concepts can be
induced from the examples that are provided in each Bongard problem. Contrary
to other concept learning problems the examples from which concepts are induced
are not random in Bongard problems, instead they are carefully chosen to
communicate the concept, hence requiring pragmatic reasoning. Taking pragmatic
reasoning into account we find good agreement between the concepts with high
posterior probability and the solutions formulated by Bongard himself. While
this approach is far from solving all Bongard problems, it solves the biggest
fraction yet
A Goldstone Theorem in Thermal Relativistic Quantum Field Theory
We prove a Goldstone Theorem in thermal relativistic quantum field theory,
which relates spontaneous symmetry breaking to the rate of space-like decay of
the two-point function. The critical rate of fall-off coincides with that of
the massless free scalar field theory. Related results and open problems are
briefly discussed
Novel imaging and quality assurance techniques for ion beam therapy: a Monte Carlo study
Ion beams exhibit a finite and well defined range in matter together with an “inverted” depth-dose profile, the so-called Bragg peak. These favourable physical properties may enable superior tumour-dose conformality for high precision radiation therapy. On the other hand, they introduce the issue of sensitivity to range uncertainties in ion beam therapy. Although these uncertainties are typically taken into account when planning the treatment, correct delivery of the intended ion beam range has to be assured to prevent undesired underdosage of the tumour or overdosage of critical structures outside the target volume. Therefore, it is necessary to define dedicated Quality Assurance procedures to enable in-vivo range verification before or during therapeutic irradiation. For these purposes, Monte Carlo transport codes are very useful tools to support the development of novel imaging modalities for ion beam therapy. In the present work, we present calculations performed with the FLUKA Monte Carlo code and preliminary experimental studies
On the mixing property for a class of states of relativistic quantum fields
Let be a factor state on the quasi-local algebra of
observables generated by a relativistic quantum field, which in addition
satisfies certain regularity conditions (satisfied by ground states and the
recently constructed thermal states of the theory). We prove that
there exist space and time translation invariant states, some of which are
arbitrarily close to in the weak* topology, for which the time
evolution is weakly asymptotically abelian
Influence of local surface albedo variability and ice crystal shape on passive remote sensing of thin cirrus
Airborne measurements of solar spectral radiance reflected by cirrus are
performed with the HALO-Solar Radiation (HALO-SR) instrument onboard the High
Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) in November 2010. The data
are used to quantify the influence of surface albedo variability on the
retrieval of cirrus optical thickness and crystal effective radius. The
applied retrieval of cirrus optical properties is based on a standard two-wavelength approach utilizing measured and simulated reflected radiance in
the visible and near-infrared spectral region. Frequency distributions of the
surface albedos from Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
satellite observations are used to compile surface-albedo-dependent lookup
tables of reflected radiance. For each assumed surface albedo the cirrus
optical thickness and effective crystal radius are retrieved as a function of
the assumed surface albedo. The results for the cirrus optical thickness are
compared to measurements from the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). The
uncertainty in cirrus optical thickness due to local variability of surface
albedo in the specific case study investigated here is below 0.1 and thus
less than that caused by the measurement uncertainty of both instruments. It
is concluded that for the retrieval of cirrus optical thickness the surface
albedo variability is negligible. However, for the retrieval of crystal effective
radius, the surface albedo variability is of major importance,
introducing uncertainties up to 50%. Furthermore, the influence of the
bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) on the retrieval of
crystal effective radius was investigated and quantified with uncertainties
below 10%, which ranges below the uncertainty caused by the surface albedo
variability. The comparison with the independent lidar data allowed for
investigation of the role of the crystal shape in the retrieval. It is found that
if assuming aggregate ice crystals, the HSRL observations fit best with the
retrieved optical thickness from HALO-SR
Airborne observations of clouds in the Central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition
Forest albedo in the context of different cloud situations derived from irradiance measurements at the Leipzig floodplain crane: A pilot study
The surface albedo significantly modulates the atmospheric energy budget
and, thus, vertical radiation, energy, and mass fluxes. Therefore, it regulates the local
and regional effects of climate warming. Over a forest canopy, the surface albedo mainly
depends on the seasonal leaf state. Furthermore, for certain surface types, such as snow,
it has been shown that the surface albedo changes as a function of cloudiness. A similar
effect is expected over forest surfaces, leading to complex feedback loops between forest
surfaces and climate. To investigate these processes, a pilot study was performed at the
Leipzig floodplain crane to observe the forest canopy albedo under different atmospheric
conditions in 2021. First analyses revealed a dependency of the forest albedo from the
cloud state, which is slightly stronger in the near-infrared wavelength range compared to
the visible wavelength range.Der atmosphärische Strahlungshaushalt und damit auch die vertikale
Strahlungsverteilung, Energie- und Massenflüsse werden signifikant durch die
Bodenalbedo gesteuert. Diese regulieren somit lokale und regionale Effekte der Klimaerwärmung.
Über einem Wald hängt die Bodenalbedo hauptsächlich vom saisonalen
Blattstatus ab. Zudem wurde für bestimmte Bodentypen wie Schneeoberflächen gezeigt,
dass die Bodenalbedo eine Funktion der Bewölkung ist. Ähnlicher Effekte werden für
Waldoberflächen erwartet, welche zu komplexen Rückkopplungseffekten zwischenWaldoberflächen
und dem Klima führen. Um diese Prozesse zu untersuchen wurde im Jahr
2021 eine Vorstudie am Leipziger Auwaldkran durchgeführt, um die Waldalbedo unter
verschiedenen atmosphärischen Bedingungen zu beobachten. Erste Analysen zeigen,
dass auch die Albedo des Waldes von den Bewölkungsbedingungen abhängt. Der Effekt
ist dabei etwas stärker im nah-infrarotem als im sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereich zu
beobachten
- …