Membrane processing of grape must for control of the alcohol content in fermented beverages

The great demand of beverages, both alcohol-free and with low alcohol content, is a great challenge for the production of beverages with controlled alcohol content through the use of sustainable enological practices. The present work addresses this challenge with the processing of grape must by reverse osmosis (RO) for must reconstitution with different sugar contents prior to the alcoholic fermentation. The original must came from grapes grown in Quinta do Quinto, in Santarém, collected after destemming and mechanic crushing, and preserved in a refrigerated chamber at -1.6 °C until processing by RO. The RO processing was carried out in Escola Superior Agrária de Santarém, with a pilot plant equipped with RO spiral wound modules, M38RO, from Alfa Laval, Denmark. The total membrane permeation area is 15 m2. The work pressure was 55 bar. The original must had 23.7 oBrix, a density of 1108 g.L-1, 15.2% (v/v) of probable alcohol, and a conductivity of 2.01 mS.cm-1. The must reconstitution was carried out, by mixing the concentrated grape must with the vegetal water produced by RO (permeate) to obtain beverages with a nominal alcohol content of 5%, 7%, 10% and 13% (v/v). The fermentation average temperature was between 18.2 and 19.7 °C, and the final density rounded about 993 g.cm-3. The beverages were analysed by different parameters, including total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, colour intensity and hue, the coordinates CIELab, alcohol content, total acidity, volatile acidity, pH, free SO2 and total SO2. The attributes of the beverage, corresponding to the visual appearance, aroma and taste senses, as well as the overall judgment were evaluated by the tasters. The proposed method can produce beverages with controlled low alcohol content. The decrease of the alcohol content led to lower content of polyphenols compounds which influenced the sensory evaluation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Do Littoral Macrophytes Influence Crustacean Zooplankton Distribution?

In a meso-eutrophic reservoir, cladoceran and copepod assemblages were characterised in two sampling sites: One located in the pelagic zone (site 1) and the other in the shallow littoral zone (site 2), the latter colonised by emergent macrophytes. Samples were collected biweekly from June to July 2001 and from May to July 2002 at the two sites. At site 1, crustacean zooplankton samples were obtained by vertical hauls using a Wisconsin type net of 64 mm mesh size. At site 2 several random samples were obtained using a van Dorn bottle. Those samples were pooled together and the total sample was sieved through a 64 mm mesh size. Macrophyte relative abundance for each species was visually estimated. Macrophyte community was composed of Glyceria declinata, Eleocharis palustris and Carex sp. A Mann-Whitney U-test was carried out to test for statistically significant differences between sites, for environmental parameters and crustacean zooplankton species densities. Alona rectangula, Alona costata, Alona quadrangularis and Chydorus sphaericus were only found in littoral samples. Daphnia longispina, Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia pulchella, Bosmina longirostris, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Copidodiaptomus numidicus, and Acanthocyclops robustus were found at both sites. However, Daphnia and Bosmina densities did not differ significantly between the pelagic and littoral sites. Ceriodaphnia, Diaphanosoma, and C. numidicus densities were significantly higher in the pelagic site, whereas A. robustus densities showed the opposite pattern.En un embalse meso-eutrofico las comunidades de cladóceros y copépodos fueron caracterizadas en dos estaciones de muestreo. Una localizada en la zona pelágica (estación 1) y la otra en la zona litoral (estación 2). Esta última está colonizada por macrofitos emergidos. Los muestreos fueron efectuados quincenalmente de Junio a Julio de 2001 y de Mayo a Julio de 2002 en las dos estaciones. En la estación 1 los muestreos de crustáceos del zooplancton se obtuvieron mediante arrastre vertical utilizando una red tipo Wisconsin de 64 mm de poro. En la estación 2 se realizaron varias muestras aleatorias con una botella tipo van Dorn. Las muestras obtenidas en la estación 2 se juntaron y la muestra total resultante fue filtrada por una red de 64 mm de poro. La abundancia relativa de cada una de las especies de macrófitos fue estimada visualmente. La comunidad de macrófitos está constituida por Glyceria declinata, Eleocharis palustris y Carex sp. Fue realizado el test de U de Mann-Whitney para detectar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las dos estaciones, para los parámetros ambientales y para las densidades de los crustáceos del zooplancton. Alona rectangula, Alona costata, Alona quadrangularis y Chydorus sphaericus se han observado únicamente en los muestreos obtenidos en el litoral. Daphnia longispina, Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia pulchella, Bosmina longirostris, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Copidodiaptomus numidicus y Acanthocyclops robustus se han encontrado en ambas estaciones, no obstante las densidades de Daphnia y Bosmina no presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la zona pelágica y la litoral. Las densidades de Ceriodaphnia, Diaphanosoma y C. numidicus fueran significativamente más elevadas en la zona pelágica, mientras que la densidad de A. robustus presentó un patrón opuesto

Garantia de qualidade do processo de Catalogação de Recursos de Informação na Árvore do Conhecimento Agroenergia: ajustes dos apontamentos da auditoria.

A Agência de Informação Embrapa é um website responsável pela organização e disseminação da informação tecnológica (EMBRAPA, 2012). Por meio dele, o conhecimento gerado pela Embrapa e instituições de pesquisa parceiras ficam disponíveis para a sociedade brasileira. A organização dessas informações são dispostas hierarquicamente, da mais genérica para as mais específicas. Estas divisões possibilitam a aproximação com a estrutura de uma árvore, e por isso recebe o nome de Árvore do Conhecimento (AC) (ALVES et al., 2008). Cada Árvore do Conhecimento organiza informações de um produto ou tema e é composta por diversos ?nós?, local de descrição dos itens da hierarquia e associação de recursos de informação. Estes recursos de informação possuem diferentes tipos (texto, som, imagem, website, software, etc) e formatos (como doc, odt e pdf para textos), tornando-os fundamentais para suprir a necessidade de informação de cada usuário. Para garantir a qualidade e precisão na recuperação desses recursos, adotou-se padrões internacionais e recomendações específicas de seus usos para a descrição dos mesmos (também conhecida como catalogação), conforme o manual de descrição elaborado por Alves et al. (2008). Além disso, neste manual encontram-se definidas as etapas do macroprocesso de organização de informação tecnológica da Agência. Dentre elas, a pré-publicação do conteúdo e, na sequência, a auditoria de qualidade da catalogação dos recursos desse conteúdo. A AC Agroenergia é o estudo de caso relatado neste trabalho porque teve o seu conteúdo organizado pela Embrapa Informática Agropecuária e encontrava-se na etapa Auditoria de Catalogação. Esta árvore oferece informações sobre formas de obtenção de energia proveniente da agricultura, dividida em quatro grandes temas: Álcool, Biodiesel, Florestas, Resíduos (dejetos agropecuários da agricultura), além do acesso a recursos de informação na íntegra. Neste contexto, as atividades desenvolvidas para ajustes dos apontamentos da auditoria serão discutidas neste trabalho

Trace elements and Pb isotope variations in galena from the onça gold deposit, Mato Grosso, Brazil: fluid mixing from hydrothermal and crustal sources

This study deals with the petrography of sulfídes and quartz veins, Pb isotopes, major and trace elements in galena, microthermometry and Raman spectrometry of fluid inclusions, with the objective of delineating temporal and spatial aspects of the fluid circulation patterns during the origin of the Onça gold deposit, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The Pb isotope and mineral chemistry data indicate variable sources for the Pb isotopes, major (S and Pb) and trace elements (Sb, Ag, Zn and Se), with increases or decreases of the contents during the growth of the galena crystals. The results suggest that the variation may be due to the contamination of the hydrothermal solution by mixing with components derived from supracrustal host rocks of Pontes e Lacerda metavolcanic-sedimentary sequence. The mineral chemistry and fluids inclusion studies suggest two possible sources for the hydrothermal solutions: (1) deep solutions that originated during the regional metamorphism represented by the Aguapeí metamorphic event where the solutions present aqueous-carbonic composition and Iow salinity. Geologic control of the mineralization is in agreement with this hypothesis because the ore bodies are syntectonic with foliation formed during the Aguapeí event; (2) high contents of base metais indicates a plutonic influence in the origin of the fluids. Geologic controls also are in agreement with this hypothesis because pegmatitic intrusion was synchronous with the mineralizations. The Pb isotope and fluid inclusion relations allows the conclusions that the compositions of the hydrothermal solutes were variable during the emplacement of the quartz veins and the growth of galena crystals. The earlier solutes had hydrocarbons and were more radiogenic, whereas the later solutes had base metais and were less radiogenic. The Onça deposit originated during a metamorphic event by the effect of hydrothermal solutions related to plutonism, and with an important contribution from the host rocks as recorded by the influence of isotope, major and trace element compositions on the growth of ore-forming minerais.Este estudo compreende petrografia de sulfetos e veios de quartzo, elementos traços, maiores e isótopos de Pb em galena, microtermometria e espectrometria Raman em inclusões fluidas com o objetivo de delinear aspectos temporais e espaciais da circulação de fluídos durante a origem do depósito aurífero do Onça, Estado do Mato Grosso. Os resultados de isótopos de Pb e a química mineral indicam uma fonte variável para os isótopos de Pb e para elementos maiores (S e Pb) e elementos traços (Sb, Ag, Zn e Se) com aumentos e diminuições nos seus conteúdos durante o crescimento dos cristais de galena de forma que esta variação pode ser resultado da contaminação da solução hidrotermal pelas rochas supracrustais encaixantes da Seqüência Metavulcano-sedimentar Pontes e Lacerda. A química mineral e o estudo das inclusões fluídas sugerem dois tipos de fontes para as soluções hidrotermais: (1) soluções originadas em profundidade durante o metamorfismo regional representado pelo evento Aguapeí, com soluções aquocarbônicas e de baixa salinidade, hipótese corroborada pela concordância dos corpos de minério com a foliação regional gerada por este evento; (2) altos valores de metais básicos indicam uma influência plutônica na origem dos fluídos. Os isótopos de Pb e os estudos de inclusões fluídas analisadas conjuntamente permitem concluir que a composição das soluções hidrotermais foram variáveis durante o emplacement dos veios de quartzo e o crescimento dos cristais de galena. As soluções iniciais apresentam CR, na sua composição e são mais radiogênicas. As soluções finais apresentam metais básicos em sua composição e são menos radiogênicos. Como conclusão é possível sugerir que o depósito do Onça foi originado durante um evento metamórfico por soluções hidrotermais com influência de plutonismo, com uma importante contribuição das rochas encaixantes na composição isotópica do Pb, nos elementos maiores e traços durante o crescimento dos minerais de minério

Warehouse design and product assignment and allocation: A mathematical programming model

Warehouses can be considered one of the most important nodes in supply chains. The dynamic nature of today's markets compels organizations to an incessant reassessment in an effort to respond to continuous challenges. Therefore warehouses must be continually re-evaluated to ensure that they are consistent with both market's demands and management's strategies. In this paper we discuss a mathematical programming model aiming to support product assignment and allocation to the functional areas as well as the size of each area. In particular a large mixed-integer programming model (MILP) is presented to capture the tradeoffs among the different warehouse costs in order to achieve global optimal design satisfying throughput requirements

Implications of porous-flow in the design of freeze-thaw systems for biopharmaceuticals and rational scale-down methodology

Porous-flow through an ice matrix is a ubiquitous phenomenon during both freezing and thawing of biopharmaceutical formulations. During the freezing process, when the ice dendrites are formed, the proteins and excipients are excluded from the ice front. A concentrated aqueous solution is entrapped by the ice dendrites, creating what is called a mushy layer. By the action of gravity or pressure forces, the concentrated solution may flow through the ice matrix, disrupting the homogeneity of the mixture at the macro-scale. The concentrated solution is transported away from the mushy layer, creating spots of more concentrated solution in some regions of the container. During the thawing process, the same phenomenon occurs and is responsible for the strong stratification of the biomixture observed in the final liquid solution. Macro-concentration in the ice matrix and final stratification of the liquid solution are adverse phenomena that may trigger protein aggregation. Therefore, well-designed scale-down methods should mimic these adverse conditions that happen at large scales. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Peri-operative anaphylaxis in Coimbra: the experience of our drug allergy clinic

Background: The incidence of peri-operative anaphylactic reactions ranges from 1:10,000 to 1:20,000. It is crucial to identify the risk factors, the trigger agent and to fi nd adequate alternatives. Aims: To characterise patients with peri-operative anaphylactic reactions. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients with suspected adverse peri-operative reactions to anaesthetic drugs, observed in a Drug Allergy Outpatients Clinic from 1994 to 2005. Anaphylaxis was diagnosed based on the clinical history and skin tests to latex, neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), hypnotics, opioids and antibiotics. Specifi c IgE to latex was performed in patients with positive skin-prick-tests. Results: We evaluated the clinical charts of 45 patients with adverse peri-operative reactions, 39 of whom were female. Anaphylaxis was diagnosed in 16 patients (35.6%), 15 females, mean age 36.3 years. The remaining patients had non-anaphylactic (28.8%) or not well-characterised reactions (35.6%). In terms of severity, 50% presented grade III and 50% grade IV anaphylaxis. Skin-prick-tests were positive to latex in three patients and negative to all anaesthetic drugs. Intradermal skin tests were positive in 10 out of 16 patients with anaphylactic reactions: 10 to NMBA [atracurium (n = 8), vecuronium (n = 4), suxamethonium (n = 4) and pancuronium (n = 2)], one to fentanyl, one to thiopental and one to cefuroxime. In three cases, the culprit agent was not identifi ed. In four patients, at least one alternative NMBA, with no skin test reactivity, was found. Of these four patients, two underwent further surgical procedures without adverse reactions. Five patients had previously had two or more anaesthetic procedures and four had presented adverse reactions in prior surgeries. Conclusions: In our study the most common causes of anaphylaxis were NMBAs (62.5%) and latex (18.7%), in line with that described in the literature. In 81% of patients with anaphylactic reactions, skin tests were positive to at least one anaesthetic drug or to latex. A high incidence of severe anaphylaxis was found, probably because cases with less severe clinical signs were not referred to our clinic. The results emphasise the need for systematic evaluation of anaphylactic reactions during anaesthesia. This can be achieved by the creation of a specialised Allergo-Anaesthesia Clinic, as has been the case in our Department

The basic perspectives of consultant-client relationships in management consulting

A historical overview, although the existing literature default the management consulting as a extraordinary and a unique phenomenon in the corporate context, in truth these statements do not come accompanied by a number of academic studies that emphasize the importance of effective work of management consultants. To combat the lack of studies in this emerging area, this article aims to understand whether it may be in fact the importance of knowledge produced in this sector is associated with the type of relationships that are built between the parties and, noting that the successful relationships are the basis of the knowledgeproduced in the sector who will then be responsible for the balance of powers and who should take control of projects. The results of the empirical analysis in the form of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires applied to management consultants and managers of SME in Portugal show that you cannot translate the control relationship between consultants and clients across the board, not least because the projects are not all equal, and there are various characteristics thatdistinguish them and that validate assumptions of control that can differ considerably between each oneinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparison of Crystal Field Dependent and Independent Methods to Analyse Lanthanide Induced NMR Shifts in Axially Symmetric Complexes. Part II: Systems with a C4 Symmetry Axis

Analysis of the LIS data for several series of Ln3+ complexes of C4 symmetry in terms of structural changes, crystal-field effects and/or variation of hyperfine constants along the lanthanide series was undertaken using a combination of the two-nuclei and three-nuclei techniques together with the classical onenucleus technique. Isostructurality of whole series of complexes, with changes of the Fi, and B02 parameters, was clearly defined for the complexes of L by the combination of the two first methods. Small changes, involving the three Fi, Gi and B02 parameters, are observed for the series of complexes of L-L4, using the three data plotting methods. Some of the plots according to the two- and three-nuclei methods are accidentally linear, without necessarily implying isostructurality of the complexes, as they involve parameters, which may be insensitive to any small structural changes occurring in these systems. These parameter variations could result from a magnification, by the present graphical analysis, of the breaks expected from the gradual structural changes along the series due to the lanthanide contraction. The α and β parameters of the three-nuclei method are not diagnostic of the type of structures the complexes have in solution, due to their very indirect dependence on the geometric factors

Dietary program impact on biochemical markers in diabetics: systematic review

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder with major expansion worldwide. It’s estimated that the number of diabetes sufferers increase rapidly in the coming decades due to the population ageing (Ena,2016;IDF,2015). The nutrition intervention emphasizing the promotion of healthy eating has been shown to be an importante point in Diabetes Mellitus treatment since it fosters a better glycemic control and lipid profile (ADA2016)