基于生态文明建设视角的农业资源与区划创新思维

生态文明是对传统农业文明和工业文明的扬弃与改造。资源与环境密不可分,当前背景下我国环境负担很重,资源节约成为一种必须。在农业资源与区划领域,需要优化农业生产空间,满足发展的用地需求;需要加强土地整理,优化农村居住空间;需要改变粗放的农业生产方式,保护农村生态环境;需要加强资源节约,提高资源利用效率。为此,需要调整农业资源与区划的服务对象、目标体系和重点工作领域,并创新农业资源与区划的体制和机制,加强基础工作等

中国欠发达资源富集区的界定、特征与功能定位

欠发达资源富集区是指经济发展水平较低但自然资源、特别是矿产资源较为丰富的地区,是我国最具典型意义的类型区。欠发达资源富集区,集经济落后性、社会复杂性、生态脆弱性、环境敏感性、资源富集性、致富迫切性等特点于一体,在中国经济区划、资源功能区划、生态环境功能区划、国土规划及主体功能区划中,均占有十分重要的地位。分析发现",资源诅咒"在部分欠发达资源富集区明显,已经严重影响到经济持续发展、社会和谐稳定、生态环境保护和资源合理开发。建立"资源诅咒"预警系统,采取包括资源措施、生态措施、产业措施等在内的系列措施,有效规避"资源诅咒"是欠发达资源富集区实现可持续发展的必由之路

中国欠发达资源富集区的界定、特征与功能定位/Features and Functional Orientation of Underdeveloped Resource-rich Regions[J]

欠发达资源富集区是指经济发展水平较低但自然资源、特别是矿产资源较为丰富的地区,是我国最具典型意义的类型区.欠发达资源富集区,集经济落后性、社会复杂性、生态脆弱性、环境敏感性、资源富集性、致富迫切性等特点于一体,在中国经济区划、资源功能区划、生态环境功能区划、国土规划及主体功能区划中,均占有十分重要的地位.分析发现,"资源诅咒"在部分欠发达资源富集区明显,已经严重影响到经济持续发展、社会和谐稳定、生态环境保护和资源合理开发.建立"资源诅咒"预警系统,采取包括资源措施、生态措施、产业措施等在内的系列措施,有效规避"资源诅咒"是欠发达资源富集区实现可持续发展的必由之路

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials