代谢组学用于研究基因改变对大肠杆菌代谢的影响

代谢组学的出现使我们能从代谢物水平上分析产生或者不产生可见的表型变化的基因变化。代 谢组学在植物研究中的应用很多，在微生物研究中则还没有太多的系统报道。本工作将气相色谱技 术的微生物代谢组学的分析平台，用于研究基因改变对大肠杆菌代谢的影响。 以E.coli1.1566 、基因敲除突变株（DC100△sdhAB和 DC101△ackA-pta）为实验菌株，首先提 取细胞内小分子的化合物，采用N,O-双三甲基硅基三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）1%TMCS试剂对其衍生， 再进行GC分析，最后多变量数据分析。 利用该平台对大肠杆菌原始菌株与基因敲除突变株进行区分，结果显示此平台能有效区分不同 菌株，并得到了潜在的标记物。E.coli1.1566 与DC101△ackA-pta 比较，大肠杆菌敲除ackA-pta 基因 后，琥珀酸和嘧啶相对含量升高，脯氨酸和天冬氨酸相对含量下降。E.coli1.1566 与DC100△sdhAB 比较大肠杆菌原始菌株上敲除sdhAB 基因后，磷酸和天冬氨酸含量下降，谷氨酸、脯氨酸和琥珀酸 含量上升。结合大肠杆菌的代谢途径分析，得到的结果与代谢组学所得的结果一致。 本研究为以后比较已知功能基因的缺失与未知基因功能缺失的相似性提供了快速分析平台，显 示代谢组学在微生物代谢研究中具有广阔的应用前景

毛细管电泳法测定尿中的姜黄素

采用高效毛细管电泳法测定人尿中姜黄素的含量．建立了一种测定体液中姜黄素的简便的分析方法。所用缓冲溶液为15mmol／L的硼砂溶液(pH9．24)，运行电压为20kV，检测波长262nm。姜黄素的峰面积与其质量浓度的线性关系良好，其线性范围为10～300mg／L，健康人尿中姜黄素的4个浓度水平的添加回收率均大于96．3％，相对标准偏差(RSD)小于2．3％．该法灵敏、快速、准确．可用于体液中姜黄素的批量检测

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials