少林武术起源五种“创拳说”评述

在系统、全面、客观地分析诸多"起源说"的基础上,认为少林武术起源是以"禅武结合"第一人僧稠入少林寺时间为界限的,即北魏宣武帝延昌年间。同时,少林武术是在军事实践与汲取民间武术精华基础上发展起来的,是武僧集体智慧结晶的产物

A Method for Assessing the Sustainability of Design in Developing World Projects

Projects for the developing world usually find themselves at the bottom of an engineer’s priority list. There is often very little engineering effort placed on creating new products for the poorest people in the world. This trend is beginning to change now as people begin to recognize the potential for these projects. Engineers are beginning to try and solve some of the direst issues in the developing world and many are having positive impacts. However, the conditions needed to support these projects can only be maintained in the short term. There is now a need for greater sustainability. Sustainability has a wide variety of definitions in both business and engineering. These concepts are analyzed and synthesized to develop a broad meaning of sustainability in the developing world. This primarily stems from the “triple bottom line” concept of economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Using this model and several international standards, this thesis develops a metric for guiding and evaluating the sustainability of engineering projects. The metric contains qualitative questions that investigate the sustainability of a project. It is used to assess several existing projects in order to determine flaws. Specifically, three projects seeking to deliver eyeglasses are analyzed for weaknesses to help define a new design approach for achieving better results. Using the metric as a guiding tool, teams designed two pieces of optometry equipment: one to cut lenses for eyeglasses and the other to diagnose refractive error, or prescription. These designs are created and prototyped in the developed and developing worlds in order to determine general feasibility. Although there is a recognized need for eventual design iterations, the whole project is evaluated using the developed metric and compared to the existing projects. Overall, the success demonstrates the improvements made to the long-term sustainability of the project resulting from the use of the sustainability metric

EFFECT OF UNIT CELL VOLUME OF RE(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)_5 ALLOY (RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd) ON ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

制备了Ｌａ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５，Ｃｅ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５，Ｐｒ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５和Ｎｄ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５四种单一稀土贮氢电极合金，分别测定了它们的单胞体积、氢化物生成焓和几个主要的电化学性能指标（包括活化循环次数、最大放电容量、高倍率放电率和容量衰退速率），以分析不同稀土元素对合金电化学性能的影响.结果表明，在四种合金中，单胞体积对合金的热力学性质和电化学性能起了决定性作用，它与合金的氢化物生成焓呈简单的线性关系，对电化学性能有双重影响，使四个主要指标随单胞体积的变化均出现极大或极小值.单胞体积本身的变化与稀土元素的周期性有关．Four rare earth based AB_5 typed alloys, La(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5, Ce(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5, Pr(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5 and Nd(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5, were prepared and then their unit cell volumes (Vcell), standard enthalpies of metal hydride formation at 298 K (△H298 K), and main electrochemical characteristics, such as activation cycle number (na), maximum discharge capacity at 50 mA/g charge/discharge rate (C50,max), high-rate-dischargeability K (includes K1 and K2 ), rate of decay (-dC / dn) were measured and analyzed to reveal the effects of the rare earth elements on the electrochemical properties. The results show that the unit cell volume is the key factor in determination of the alloys' thermodynamics and electrochemical properties. The standard enthalpies of metal hydride formation at 298 K (△H298 K) are proven to vary linearly with the unit cell volume, and the four electrochemical parameters, na, C50,max, -dC/dn and K,are dualistically affected by it. The change of unit cell volume is in accord with the periodic law of the rare earth element.国家自然科学基金!59801008;; 国家863高新技术计划资助!715－004－006

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军