PREPARING THE PUBLIC FOR COMMERCIALIZATION AND GUIDANCE OF STRUCTURAL MEDIA SPACE TOWARDS ITS FUSION WITH ADVERTISING SPACE

Through genre structure analysis of the Television´s Zagreb First Channel schedule from the beginning of 1970´s till the end of the 1980´s accompanied by analysis of advertising in same period, the paper will examine the ways and intensity of commercialization entrance in Croatian media space dominated then by state media. Television schedule genre change and the broadcast of economic propaganda program will point out the different character of the television. It can be said that it will serve for preparing the public for commercialization entrance and guidance of structural media space towards its fusion with advertising one. The assumption is that in spite of the TV schedule change, which was in economic sense accompanied by economy reforms in order to establish market economy, the public wasnt yet delivered to advertisers. One of the clarification lies in the role of the media, which then had revolutionary function with main purpose of not the voters’ generation but only to create patriots. The paper will reproduce a kind of public transformation genesis from latent status in state guided media system to same status of latent consumers in dual media model

A model of distance learning and teaching German as a foreign language; Модель заочного обучения немецкому как иностранному яазику

Појава савремених технологија, у првом реду интернета, подстакла је промене у образовању у свету и код нас. Последњих деценија се у настави страних језика примењују нови начини учења који подразумевају употребу рачунара. Један од њих је и учење на даљину. Предмет овог истраживачког рада је испитивање ефективности ове иновације у настави немачког језика као страног, реализоване на Факултету за туристички и хотелијерски менаџмент и Пословном факултету Универзитета Сингидунум у Београду. Трагајући за одговорима на питања да ли и у којој мери учење Л2 на даљину остварује боље ефекте у пореёењу са традиционалном наставом, тестирани су и анкетирани студенти студија на даљину (експериментална група) и студенти традиционалних студија (контролна група), који су на поменутим факултетима две године редовно посећивали Мудл платформу, односно присуствовали традиционалној настави из предмета Немачки језик 1 и Немачки језик 2. Циљ тестирања и анкетирања био је да се утврди да ли измеёу ове две групе студената постоји статистички значајна разлика у језичком постигнућу на почетном нивоу учења (А1), мотивацији, исказаном задовољству и времену проведеном у учењу. Пореёење двеју група студената извршено је према броју освојених бодова на подтестовима вештина (разумевање говора, разумевање писаног текста, писано изражавање и усмено изражавање), укупном броју освојених бодова на тестирању, коначној оцени и броју година школског учења немачког језика. Закључак је да се измеёу ове две групе значајна статистичка разлика испољила само приликом тестирања вештине разумевања говора, и при том су студенти традиционалних студија постигли бољи резултат. На свим осталим подтестовима експериментална и контролна група биле су статистички једнаке. Статистичка разлика није утврёена ни у исказаном задовољству студената квалитетом наставе, мотивацији, као ни у времену проведеном у учењу. Ипак, за студенте традиционалних студија наставни садржаји су занимљивији, док су студенти студија на даљину боље проценили њихову применљивост у пракси. Надаље, у раду се наводе и анализирају мишљења наставника страних језика о новом концепту учења и наставе у чијој реализацији и сами учествују. На основу критичке анализе постојећег модела учења на даљину и ставова наставника, дефинисане су најважније смернице за унапреёење постојеће праксе.The introduction of modern technologies, most of all the Internet, has propelled changes to education systems in our country and the global scene alike. For the past few decades, foreign language teaching has seen the introduction of new learning methods, implying the use of a computer. One of these methods is distance learning. The subject of this research paper is a study into effectiveness of this innovation in the German as a foreign language curriculum of the Tourism and Hotel Management Faculty and Business Faculty of the Singidunum University in Belgrade. Searching for answers to questions whether and to what extend distance language learning produces better effects compared to traditional tuition, testing and surveys were conducted involving distance learning students (as experimental group) and students of classical courses (control group), who regularly visited the Moodle platform at the aforementioned faculties, i.e. attended traditional lectures within German 1 and German 2 courses. The objective of the testing and the surveys was to establish whether the two groups of students recorded any statistically significant difference in the language attainment at the beginner’s level (A1), in the levels of motivation, reported satisfaction and time spent in learning. Comparison of the two groups was conducted based on the number of points scored at skills sub-tests (listening, reading, writing and speaking), as well as based on the total number of points scored at the test, the final grade and the number of years of learning German. The conclusion is that a statistically significant difference between these two groups was recorded only in the listening test, where the students from the classical study group achieved better results. All the other subtests revealed the same statistical results of the experimental and control group. No statistically significant difference was found in the reported students’ satisfaction with the quality of the courses, their motivation or time spent in learning. However, student within the classical study programme described the learning content as more interesting, whereas the distance-learning students made a better evaluation of their practical implementation. In addition to this, the paper presents an overview and analysis of foreign language teachers pertinent to the new concept of learning and teaching, where they also appear as partakers. Based on the critical analysis of the existing distance-learning model and the attitudes expressed by teachers, major guidelines have been defined with a view of upgrading the existing practice

PREPARING THE PUBLIC FOR COMMERCIALIZATION AND GUIDANCE OF STRUCTURAL MEDIA SPACE TOWARDS ITS FUSION WITH ADVERTISING SPACE

Through genre structure analysis of the Television´s Zagreb First Channel schedule from the beginning of 1970´s till the end of the 1980´s accompanied by analysis of advertising in same period, the paper will examine the ways and intensity of commercialization entrance in Croatian media space dominated then by state media. Television schedule genre change and the broadcast of economic propaganda program will point out the different character of the television. It can be said that it will serve for preparing the public for commercialization entrance and guidance of structural media space towards its fusion with advertising one. The assumption is that in spite of the TV schedule change, which was in economic sense accompanied by economy reforms in order to establish market economy, the public wasn´t yet delivered to advertisers. One of the clarification lies in the role of the media, which then had revolutionary function with main purpose of not the voters’ generation but only to create patriots. The paper will reproduce a kind of public transformation genesis from latent status in state guided media system to same status of latent consumers in dual media model.Keywords: Public, Commercialization, Genres, Television schedule, Advertising </p

Večernji and Jutarnji list. Analysis of Media Coverage of the Initiative “On Behalf of the Family”: Why did David Beat Goliath?

Na temelju analize sadržaja dvaju najvećih hrvatskih dnevnih listova autori propituju razliku između informiranja i propagande u kontekstu referendumske inicijative “U ime obitelji” kojom je u Ustav Republike Hrvatske unesena definicija braka kao zajednica muškarca i žene. U sukusu istraživanja stoji pitanje: Kako to da je inicijativa uspjela unatoč činjenici što je golema većina medija, kao i vladajuća garnitura, bila protiv, odnosno kako da takva medijska kampanja nije uspjela, unatoč ne samo proponentskoj, već i financijskoj potpori vlasti? U medijskom smislu radilo se o borbi Davida (ZA) i Golijata (PROTIV). Na tragu mediologa Regisa Debraya koji razlikuje komunikaciju, kao prenošenje informacija u prostoru na sinkronijski način, te transmisiju (prijenos), kao prenošenje informacija u vremenu na dijakronijski način, autori ukazuju na granice medijskih kampanja i propagande (komunikacija) kada se suoče s “institucijama pamćenja” kao što su obitelj, Crkve te tradicija nekog kolektiviteta općenito (prijenos). Na tragu Erazma Roterdamskog (“teže je odučiti nego naučiti”) autori dolaze do zaključka da su mediji (sinkronijski princip koji tvori društvo) nemoćni bez zahvata u institucije pamćenja (prijenos, dijakronijski princip koji tvori kulturu, tradiciju), što se u mnogim državama Zapada, pa i u Hrvatskoj, (neo)jakobinskim principom preodgoja kroz sustav građanskog i zdravstvenog odgoja čini ili pokušava učiniti.Analyzing the contents of the two largest Croatian dailies the authors investigate the difference between information and propaganda in the context of the referendum initiative “On Behalf of the Family” by which the definition of marriage as a union of man and woman has been entered into the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia. The essential question of the research is: How is it that the initiative was successful despite the fact that the vast majority of the media, as well as the establishment in power, was against, i.e. how is it that such a media campaign failed in spite of, not only propounding support, but also financial support of the authorities? In terms of the media it was a battle of David (FOR) and Goliath (AGAINST). Along the line of a mediologist Regis Debray who distinguishes communication as a transfer of information in space in synchronic manner and transmission (transport) as a transfer of information in time in diachronic manner, the authors point to the boundaries of media campaigns and propaganda (communication) when faced with the “institutions of memory” such as family, church, or tradition of a collectivity in general (transport). Along the lines of Erasmus of Rotterdam (“it is harder to unlearn than to learn”), the authors conclude that the media (synchronic principle which constitutes society) are powerless without the intervention in the institutions of memory (transmission, diachronic principle which constitutes culture, tradition), which is being done or attempted to be done in many Western countries, and in Croatia as well, by neo-Jacobin principle of re-education through the system of civic and health education

Komparativna analiza izvještavanja o terorističkom napadu u Norveškoj na hrvatskim i internet portalima Velike Britanije

U radu je izvršena komparativna analiza izvještavanja o terorističkom napadu na Norvešku 22. 7. 2011. tri online news portala iz Hrvatske i iz Velike Britanije. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 288 tekstova. Potvrđena je generalna pretpostavka da globalni mediji, uz faktografske informacije, ciljano odašilju i nameću interpretativne okvire koji su pod utjecajem ne samo dominantne kulture vijesti već i više ili manje jasnih interesa različitih globalnih ekonomskih i političkih struktura. Dok se hrvatski online mediji zadovoljavaju pukim preuzimanjem obavještajnih podataka kao istinitih i neupitnih i skoro da ne uokviruju činjenice u kontekst hrvatskog društvenog okruženja, britanski online mediji potiču teme relevantne za „lokalnu“ javnost povezujući izvještavanje o konkretnom terorističkom aktu s imigrantskom politikom i potrebom preispitivanja britanskog koncepta multikulturalizma

Utjecaj prijeoperacijske respiracijske rehabilitacije kod kardiokirurških bolesnika

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of preoperative respiratory rehabilitation on functional capacity, length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU), duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) and total hospitalization, as well as to estimate arterial blood gas (ABG) values in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Nineteen patients were included in the randomized observational study, divided into two groups: group A (intervention) and B (control). Preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation was performed in group A, and only postoperative rehabilitation in group B. Rehabilitation was carried out according to a predefined protocol. We used ABG to evaluate respiratory function, two-minute walk test (2MWT) and sit-to-stand test to assess functional capacity. The following data were obtained from medical documentation: duration of MV, length of stay at ICU, occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications, and length of total hospitalization in both groups. Significant between-group difference was found for the length of total hospitalization and duration of MV (p<0.05 both). Analysis of the mean values of 2MWT on the last day of hospitalization (p=0.005), sit-to-stand test before surgery (p=0.022) and on the last day of hospitalization (p=0.008) showed statistically significant differences. The length of hospital stay significantly correlated with preoperative rehabilitation in group A (r=0.885; p<0.0001). There was no difference in ABG parameters between the groups. The study showed that preoperative respiratory rehabilitation had an effect on reducing duration of MV and length of total hospitalization, and improved functional capacity.Cilj rada je bio procijeniti učinak prijeoperacijske respiracijske rehabilitacije na funkcionalni kapacitet, dužinu boravka u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja (JIL), trajanje mehaničke ventilacije (MV) i ukupnu hospitalizaciju te procijeniti vrijednosti plinske analize arterijske krvi (ABG) kod bolesnika podvrgnutih kardiokirurškim operacijama. U radomiziranu opservacijsku studiju bilo je uključeno 19 bolesnika podijeljenih u dvije skupine: skupina A (ispitivana) i B (kontrolna). Prijeoperacijska i poslijeoperacijska rehabilitacija provedena je u skupini A, a samo poslijeoperacijska rehabilitacija u skupini B. Rehabilitacija je provođena prema unaprijed utvrđenom protokolu. Rabili smo parametre ABG za procjenu respiracijske funkcije, a za procjenu funkcionalnog kapaciteta 2-minutni test hoda (2MWT) i sit-to-stand test. Sljedeći podaci prikupljeni su iz medicinske dokumentacije: dužina MV, dužina boravka u JIL, pojava komplikacija i dužina ukupne hospitalizacije. Nađena je značajna razlika između skupina za dužinu ukupne hospitalizacije (p<0,05) i dužinu MV (p<0,05). Analiza srednjih vrijednosti 2MWT posljednjeg dana hopitalizacije (p=0,005), sit-to-stand testa prije operacije (p=0,022) i posljednjeg dana hospitalizacije (p=0,008) između skupina pokazala je statistički značajnu razliku. Dužina hospitalizacije je značajno korelirala s prijeoperacijskom rehabilitacijom u skupini A (r=0,885; p<0,0001). Nije bilo razlike u parametrima ABG između skupina. Studija je pokazala da je prijeoperacijska respiracijska rehabilitacija utjecala na smanjenje dužine MV, dužinu trajanja ukupne hospitalizacije te na poboljšanje funkcionalnog kapaciteta

Puzzling functions of HSV-1 miRNAs in productive and latent infection

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widespread human pathogen able to cause a broad spectrum of diseases of varying severity. HSV-1, and closely related virus HSV-2, employ a number of functions to evade host defense mechanisms and tailor the cellular environment during their complex life cycle comprised of productive and life-long latent infection. Once the latency is established, the virus can periodically reactivate in response to different stimuli and cause recurrent disease. Despite being one of the most intensively studied viruses, many biological aspects involved in the control of the lytic-latent switch and regulation of viral and host gene expression remained unclear. Discovery of the HSV-encoded miRNAs, a class of small regulatory RNAs, led to the hypothesis that they could have a central role in the establishment and maintenance of latency. HSV-1 and HSV-2 encode many miRNAs, differentially expressed during both phases of infection. The functions of HSV-encoded miRNAs have been experimentally addressed by several laboratories; however, the exact roles remain inconclusive. In this review, we will discuss the function of HSV-encoded miRNAs described to date, in terms of their viral and host targets, and the potential significance of such regulation for viral infection.</p

The significance of adiponectin as a biomarker in metabolic syndrome and/or coronary artery disease

© 2015, Institut za Vojnomedicinske Naucne Informacije/Documentaciju. All rights reserved. Background/Aim. Adiponectin exerts profound protective actions during insulin resistence or prediabetes progression towards more severe clinical entities such as metabolic syndrome and/or cardiovascular disease. Since hypoadiponectinaemia contributes to the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease the level of circulating adiponectin may be an early marker of cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between serum adiponectin levels and parameters of both insulin sensitivity and obesity in patients with the metabolic syndrome and/or coronary artery disease, as well as to assess predictive value of adiponectin serum levels as a biomarker of these entitetis. Methods. The study included 100 patients with metabolic syndrome and/or coronary artery disease with different degree of insulin resistance and healthy, normoglycemic individuals. The control group comprising healthy, normoglycemic individuals was used for comparison. Serum level of adiponectin, fasting glucose, fasting insulinemia Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMAIR) index and anthropometric parameters were determined in all the subjects. Adiponectin was measured by using the ultrasensitive ELISA method. Insulinemia was measured by the radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. The presence of glycemic disorders was assessed on the basis of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results. Adiponectin level was inversely correlated with age (ϱ = - 0.015), parameters of both obesity (R = 0.437; p < 0.001) and insulin resistance (R = 0.374; p < 0.01). Decreasing in the level of adiponectin was strongly implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Most importantly, a statistically significant rapid decrease in adiponectin was in the prediabetic stages (p < 0.01). The predictor value of adiponectin was 1,356.32 ± 402.65 рg/mL. Conclusions. The obtained resultats suggest that adiponectin may be a useful marker in identification of individuals with risk of developing metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease, as well as a predictor of prediabetes

Age differences in the relationship between media use and attitudes about vaccination

IN ENGLISH: Theoretical approaches that analyze media effects can be divided into those which state that the impact is real, comprehensive and one-way, and those which state that there is a reversed causality, i.e. that values, characteristics and attitudes affect the way the media are used. In this paper, these approaches were developed on the example of the attitudes towards vaccination, a topic that has become an extremely important social and public health issue with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors analyzed the data collected in a pilot study on attitudes towards vaccination conducted before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic on a convenience online sample of the Croatian population (N = 822). The results of the research study showed the lack of influence of television and the limited and uneven influence of the use of the Internet and Internet social networking sites on attitudes towards vaccination, i.e. on conspiracy beliefs in the field of vaccination. Namely, the research results revealed negative correlation between the Internet and SNSs use and conspiracy beliefs, which probably flows from the impact of social integration or the prevailing positive information that can be found about vaccination online. Furthermore, age was proven to be a significant moderator variable, given that the negative correlation between time spent online and conspiracy beliefs is much stronger among younger people, and the moderating impact of time spent on social media moved to the opposite direction. The results of the research therefore indicate a need to better understand the use of old and new media, their communicative differences, age differences in their use, and other background variables that can lead to unequal influences of the media on different social groups. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Teorijski pristupi koji analiziraju medijske učinke mogu se podijeliti na one koji smatraju da je taj utjecaj stvaran, sveobuhvatan i jednosmjeran te one koji smatraju da je riječ o obrnutom kauzalnom učinku, odnosno da vrijednosti, obilježja i stavovi osoba utječu na način upotrebe medija. U ovom se radu navedeni pristupi testiraju na primjeru stavova o cijepljenju, teme koja je izbijanjem COVID-19 pandemije postala iznimno važno društveno i javnozdravstveno pitanje. U radu autori analiziraju podatke prikupljene u pilot istraživanju o stavovima o cijepljenju napravljenom prije početka COVID-19 pandemije na prigodnom online uzorku stanovnika Hrvatske (N = 822). Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su nepostojanje utjecaja televizije te ograničen i nejednolik utjecaj upotrebe interneta i internetskih društvenih mreža na stavove o cijepljenju, odnosno na konspiracijska uvjerenja u području cijepljenja. Nasuprot pretpostavljenoj pozitivnoj korelaciji vremena provedenog na internetu i konspiracijskih uvjerenja, rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je ova korelacija negativna, što vjerojatno održava utjecaj društvene integracije ili prevladavajuće pozitivne informacije koje se o cijepljenju mogu naći na internetu. Nadalje, dob se pokazala kao značajna moderatorska varijabla, s obzirom na to da je negativna korelacija vremena provedenog na internetu i konspiracijskih uvjerenja mnogo jača kod mlađih osoba, a moderatorski utjecaj vremena provedenog na društvenim mrežama suprotnog je smjera. Rezultati istraživanja stoga upućuju na potrebu da se bolje razumije način upotrebe starih i novih medija, njihove razlike te dobne razlike u upotrebi ili drugim pozadinskim varijablama koje mogu dovesti do nejednolikih utjecaja medija na različite društvene skupine

Oxidative stress: Clinical diagnostic significance

Elevated free radical production and/or insufficient antioxidative defense results in cellular oxidant stress responses. Sustained and/or intense oxidative insults can overcome cell defenses resulting in accumulated damage to macromolecules, leading to loss of cell function, membrane damage, and ultimately to cell death. Oxidative stress (OS) can result from conditions including excessive physical stress, exposure to environmental pollution and xenobiotics, and smoking. Oxidative stress, as a pathophysiological mechanism, has been linked to numerous pathologies, poisonings, and the ageing process. Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, endogenously or exogenously produced, can readily attack all classes of macromolecules (proteins, DNA, unsaturated fatty acid). The disrupted oxidative-reductive milieu proceeds via lipid peroxidation, altered antioxidative enzyme activities and depletion of non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidants, several of which can de detected in the pre-symptomatic phase of many diseases. Therefore, they could represent markers of altered metabolic and physiological homeostasis. Accordingly, from the point of view of routine clinical-diagnostic practice, it would be valuable to routinely analyze OS status parameters to earlier recognize potential disease states and provide the basis for preventative advance treatment with appropriate medicines.Povećano stvaranje slobodnih radikala i/ili nedovoljna antioksidativna zaštita dovodi do oksidativnog stre sa (OS) u ćeliji. Produženi i/ili snažan oksidativni insult prevazilazi ćelijski antioksidativni odbrambreni kapacitet, dolazi do oštećenja makromolekula, gubi se ćelijska funkcija, oštećuju se membrane, što sve zajedno dovodi do smrti ćelije. Stanja organizma kao što su povećana fizička aktivnost, izloženost zagađenju čovekove okoline, ksenobioticima, pušenje itd. rezultiraju OS. Oksidativni stres, kao patofiziološki mehanizam, je potvrđen u brojnim patologijama, trovanjima i starenju. Reaktivne kiseonične vrste i reaktivne azotove vrste, endogenog ili egzogenog porekla, mogu lako da napadnu sve klase biomolekula (proteni, DNK, nezasićene masne kiseline). Narušen oksido-reduktivni milje, koji posreduje povećanju lipidne peroksidacije, promeni aktivnosti direktnih ili indirektnih antioksidativnih enzima, kao i smanjenom sadržaju neenzimskih antioksidanasa, može biti prepoznat u presimptomatskoj fazi brojnih bolesti. U tom smislu može biti pokazatelj izmenjenih metaboličkih i funkcionalnih zbivanja. U svakodnevnoj kliničko-dijagnostičkoj praksi analize parametara OS u biološkom materijalu bi trebalo da imaju svoje mesto, radi rane dijagnoze bolesti, prevencije i unapređivanja terapije.