4,487 research outputs found
Evaluating the role of strain ratio elastography in determining malignancy potential and calculating objective BIRADS US scores using ultrasonography and elastography features
Purpose: The aims of this study were, firstly, to evaluate solid breast masses based on their malignancy potential and to determine whether the strain elastography ratio (SER) can contribute to classical grey-scale ultrasonography findings, and secondly, to define objective BIRADS US scores using ultrasound (US) and SER findings. Material and methods: A total of 280 patients and 297 solid breast masses were evaluated using sonographic and elastographic data. The SER was measured for each lesion. Results: The positive predictive values (PPV) for each criterion was calculated to be between 35% and 83.3%. The lowest PPV was obtained from hypoechogenicity (35%) and the highest PPV was obtained for anti-parallel features (83.3%). The difference between the mean SER of benign and malignant lesions was statistically significant. After ROC analysis, the SER cut-off value was calculated to be 3.1 for determining if the mass was benign or malignant. Mass scores were calculated for each solid breast mass based on positive predictive values, and BIRADS US score was defined as the sum of mass scores. Conclusions: SER findings can be used as malignancy criteria in evaluating solid breast masses. BIRADS US score can be objectively determined based on US and elastography features instead of doing subjective scoring. As an additional result, all solid breast masses have the possibility to be malignant, even though US and elastography findings indicate the opposite
Narrow Atomic Features from Rapidly Spinning Neutron Stars
Neutron stars spinning at moderate rates (~300-600Hz) become oblate in shape
and acquire a nonzero quadrupole moment. In this paper, we calculate profiles
of atomic features from such neutron stars using a ray-tracing algorithm in the
Hartle-Thorne approximation. We show that line profiles acquire cores that are
much narrower than the widths expected from pure Doppler effects for a large
range of observer inclinations. As a result, the effects of both the oblateness
and the quadrupole moments of neutron stars need to be taken into account when
aiming to measure neutron star radii from rotationally broadened lines.
Moreover, the presence of these narrow cores substantially increases the
likelihood of detecting atomic lines from rapidly spinning neutron stars.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, accepted to Ap
Neutron stars with small radii -- the role of delta resonances
Recent neutron star observations suggest that the masses and radii of neutron
stars may be smaller than previously considered, which would disfavor a purely
nucleonic equation of state. In our model, we use a the flavor SU(3) sigma
model that includes delta resonances and hyperons in the equation of state. We
find that if the coupling of the delta resonances to the vector mesons is
slightly smaller than that of the nucleons, we can reproduce both the measured
mass-radius relationship and the extrapolated equation of state.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
On the Mass Distribution and Birth Masses of Neutron Stars
We investigate the distribution of neutron star masses in different
populations of binaries, employing Bayesian statistical techniques. In
particular, we explore the differences in neutron star masses between sources
that have experienced distinct evolutionary paths and accretion episodes. We
find that the distribution of neutron star masses in non-recycled eclipsing
high-mass binaries as well as of slow pulsars, which are all believed to be
near their birth masses, has a mean of 1.28 M_solar and a dispersion of 0.24
M_solar. These values are consistent with expectations for neutron star
formation in core-collapse supernovae. On the other hand, double neutron stars,
which are also believed to be near their birth masses, have a much narrower
mass distribution, peaking at 1.33 M_solar but with a dispersion of only 0.05
M_solar. Such a small dispersion cannot easily be understood and perhaps points
to a particular and rare formation channel. The mass distribution of neutron
stars that have been recycled has a mean of 1.48 M_solar and a dispersion of
0.2 M_solar, consistent with the expectation that they have experienced
extended mass accretion episodes. The fact that only a very small fraction of
recycled neutron stars in the inferred distribution have masses that exceed ~2
M_solar suggests that only a few of these neutron stars cross the mass
threshold to form low mass black holes.Comment: replaced to match the ApJ published version; includes most up to date
pulsar masses and a revised fitting formul
Long Term Radiative Behavior of SGR 1900+14
The prolific magnetar SGR 1900+14 showed two outbursts in the last decade and
has been closely monitored in the X-rays to track the changes in its radiative
properties. We use archival Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of SGR 1900+14
to construct a history of its spectrum and persistent X-ray flux spanning a
period of about seven years. We show that the decline of its X-ray flux in
these two outburst episodes follows the same trend. The flux begins to decline
promptly and rapidly subsequent to the flares, then decreases gradually for
about 600 days, at which point it resumes a more rapid decline. Utilizing the
high quality spectral data in each epoch, we also study the spectral
coevolution of the source with its flux. We find that neither the magnetic
field strength nor the magnetospheric properties change over the period spanned
by the observations, while the surface temperature as well as the inferred
emitting area both decline with time following both outbursts. We also show
that the source reached the same minimum flux level in its decline from these
two subsequent outbursts, suggesting that this flux level may be its steady
quiescent flux.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Ap
Tidal deformability from GW170817 as a direct probe of the neutron star radius
Gravitational waves from the coalescence of two neutron stars were recently
detected for the first time by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration, in event GW170817.
This detection placed an upper limit on the effective tidal deformability of
the two neutron stars and tightly constrained the chirp mass of the system. We
report here on a new simplification that arises in the effective tidal
deformability of the binary, when the chirp mass is specified. We find that, in
this case, the effective tidal deformability of the binary is surprisingly
independent of the component masses of the individual neutron stars, and
instead depends primarily on the ratio of the chirp mass to the neutron star
radius. Thus, a measurement of the effective tidal deformability can be used to
directly measure the neutron star radius. We find that the upper limit on the
effective tidal deformability from GW170817 implies that the radius cannot be
larger than ~13km, at the 90% level, independent of the assumed masses for the
component stars. The result can be applied generally, to probe the stellar
radii in any neutron star-neutron star merger with a measured chirp mass. The
approximate mass-independence disappears for neutron star-black hole mergers.
Finally, we discuss a Bayesian inference of the equation of state that uses the
measured chirp mass and tidal deformability from GW170817 combined with nuclear
and astrophysical priors and discuss possible statistical biases in this
inference.Comment: Submitted to ApJ Letter
Development of filtered Euler–Euler two-phase model for circulating fluidised bed: High resolution simulation, formulation and a priori analyses
Euler–Euler two-phase model simulations are usually performed with mesh sizes larger than the smallscale structure size of gas–solid flows in industrial fluidised beds because of computational resource limitation. Thus, these simulations do not fully account for the particle segregation effect at the small scale and this causes poor prediction of bed hydrodynamics. An appropriate modelling approach accounting for the influence of unresolved structures needs to be proposed for practical simulations. For this purpose, computational grids are refined to a cell size of a few particle diameters to obtain mesh-independent results requiring up to 17 million cells in a 3D periodic circulating fluidised bed. These mesh-independent results are filtered by volume averaging and used to perform a priori analyses on the filtered phase balance equations. Results show that filtered momentum equations can be used for practical simulations but must take account of a drift velocity due to the sub-grid correlation between the local fluid velocity and the local particle volume fraction, and particle sub-grid stresses due to the filtering of the non-linear convection term. This paper proposes models for sub-grid drift velocity and particle sub-grid stresses and assesses these models by a priori tests
Formation scenarios and mass-radius relation for neutron stars
Neutron star crust, formed via accretion of matter from a companion in a
low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB), has an equation of state (EOS) stiffer than that
of catalyzed matter. At a given neutron star mass, M, the radius of a star with
an accreted crust is therefore larger, by DR(M), than for usually considered
star built of catalyzed matter. Using a compressible liquid drop model of
nuclei, we calculate, within the one-component plasma approximation, the EOSs
corresponding to different nuclear compositions of ashes of X-ray bursts in
LMXB. These EOSs are then applied for studying the effect of different
formation scenarios on the neutron-star mass-radius relation. Assuming the SLy
EOS for neutron star's liquid core, derived by Douchin & Haensel (2001), we
find that at M=1.4 M_sun the star with accreted crust has a radius more than
100 m larger that for the crust of catalyzed matter. Using smallness of the
crust mass compared to M, we derive a formula that relates DR(M) to the
difference in the crust EOS. This very precise formula gives also analytic
dependence of DR on M and R of the reference star built of catalyzed matter.
The formula is valid for any EOS of the liquid core. Rotation of neutron star
makes DR(M) larger. We derive an approximate but very precise formula that
gives difference in equatorial radii, DR_eq(M), as a function of stellar
rotation frequency.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
1-[2-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(furan-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzotriazole
In the title compound, C19H15Cl2N3O2, the benzotriazole ring system is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.018 (2) Å] and its mean plane is oriented at dihedral angles of 30.70 (5) and 87.38 (4)°, respectively, to the furan and benzene rings while the dihedral angle between furan and benzene rings is 74.46 (6)°. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along the b axis. π–π stacking interactions between the parallel dichlorobenzene rings of adjacent molecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6847 (9) Å] and weak C—H⋯π interactions are also observed
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