中外大学科学传播的比较与启示

该文在简单回顾大学开展科学传播历史的基础上,分析对比了中外大学科学传播活动的情况和现状,对我国大学今后如何开展科学传播提出了一些看法,例如:大学要树立新的科学传播理念,加强科学传播能力及传播人才的培养,大学要加强媒体和社会的交流与合作,注重新的传播技术和形式的应用,加大经费支持力度,建立激励机制等

微生物吸附-化学还原法合成金钯纳米线机理研究

采用微生物吸附-化学还原法,以大肠杆菌(ECCs)为模板、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为保护剂、抗坏血酸(AA)为还原剂制备金钯纳米线(Au-PdNWs),考察不同金钯摩尔比对合成金钯纳米材料的影响,并通过SEM、TEM、XRD等技术进行了表征,研究其形成机理。结果表明,吸附还原作用使ECCs在短时间内还原生成了少量Pd(0)和Au(0),大量的钯离子和金离子聚集在ECCs表面周围;还原剂AA的加入使ECCs表面成为优先成核位点,菌体表面基团与晶核相互作用阻止其迁移;在CTAB的作用下,菌体表面的纳米颗粒逐渐形成链状纳米中间结构,中间结构通过Ostwald熟化作用进一步形成Au-Pd纳米线。通过ECCs和CTAB协同作用,有利于一维纳米结构的生长。福建省教育厅中青年教科研项目(JAT171117);;莆田市工业科技类科研项目(2016G2020

Relationship of reverse osmosis membrane concentrates using coagulation-adsorption process

某石化集团PTA废水采用三级生化处理,拟用连续微滤和反渗透膜组合技术(双膜法)处理该生化系统的排放水,使反渗透膜出水达到循环冷却水水质标准。在该回用系统中浓缩水的处理是关键的一环。作者采用混凝—吸附的方法处理了该RO浓缩水,考察了絮凝剂种类、絮凝剂体积比、总投加量、pH、吸附剂种类、吸附时间、吸附剂用量以及组合处理方式等因素对COD去除效果的影响。结果表明,FeCl3的处理效果明显优于其他4种无机絮凝剂;FeCl3辅以高分子助凝剂PAM的处理效果明显优于单一FeCl3。一定条件下"混凝—活性炭吸附"的出水无色透明,总的COD去除率可达56.9%,满足了石化废水二级排放标准。The effluent after third class biological treatment of PTA wastewater by a petrochemical group is planed for recycling.Continuous micro-filtration(CMF) and reverse osmosis(RO) membrane integrated process(double-membrane process) has been carried out.The water quality of RO effluent has achieved the standard of cooling-circulation water quality.The disposal of the concentrate plays the pivotal roles in the whole recycle system.Coagulation and adsorption methods are then adopted for treating RO membrane unit concentrate.The influences of coagulation nature,volume ratio of coagulant,total amount of coagulant,pH,adsorption agent nature,adsorption time,dosages of adsorption agent and combination manner on the COD removal are investigated in detail.The results show that FeCl3 is the best choice compared to the other 4 kinds of inorganic coagulants used in this experiment.The treatment efficiency of using FeCl3 singly is obviously lower than that of using PAM combined with FeCl3.Under certain conditions,The effluent after"coagulation-activated carbon adsorption" integrated process is colorless and transparent and has a total COD removal of 56.9%,which meets the second grade standard of petrochemical wastewater discharge

化工专业开设新产品开发课程必要性与教学心得

本文从化工专业本科生培养目标的角度,论述了化工专业开设化工新产品开发课程的必要性,并结合化工企业技术产品创新的特点,阐述了化工新产品开发管理在化工企业研发中的重要性

Removal and recycle of heavy metals in sludge

［中文文摘］论述了利用离子交换技术循环使用柠檬酸去除污泥中重金属,并置换回收重金属的适宜工艺条件。经柠檬酸处理后,污泥中90%以上的重金属被去除;柠檬酸处理液中的重金属用离子交换法回收,考察了树脂种类、流速、操作方式等因素对离子交换、再生效果的影响;在适宜工艺条件下,重金属的交换率均为100%,而洗脱率均接近90%;柠檬酸及离子交换树脂循环使用,重金属也得到回收,降低了处理成本。［英文文摘］　Heavy metals in wastewater t reatment sludge were first ext racted by cit ric acid and subsequently re2 moved f rom the cit ric acid byion exchange. They were recovered f rom the ion exchange bed by dilute HCl and , final2 ly , were replaced in the spent HCl by Al to form valuable water t reatment coagulant and recycleable metals. The effects of resin types , flow rate and flow pattern on the IX t reatment and regeneration were determined. Using 0. 2 M citric acid at p H of 3. 0 , more than 90 % of the heavy metal content was ext racted in 24 hours ; the metal removed sludge could be used as a natural fertilizer. The least costly 732 cationic resin performed the best among the four cat2 ionic IX resins studied ; nearly 100 % of heavy metals in the cit ric acid feed were removed and that regeneration recov2 ered more than 90 % of those removed. The process employing cit ric acid for sludge ext raction , 732 cationic resin for removing the metal in the cit ric acid , 3 bed volumes of 5 % HCl for resin regeneration , and Al slices for replacing the recovered heavy metals in the spent HCl is a low cost method ( YMB ＄35/ ton dry sludge) for removal and recycle of heavy metals in the sludge

Thermodynamics and kinetics of D-glyceric acid adsorption on ion exchange resin

D-甘油酸是一种重要的甘油衍生物,具有解酒护肝的功能。关于D-甘油酸生产方法的研究已有不少,但对其分离方法及分离机理的研究却鲜见报道。通过静态吸附实验,研究了D-甘油酸在201×7阴离子交换树脂上的等温热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,D-甘油酸在201×7阴离子交换树脂上的最大平衡吸附容量随p H的增加而降低,其吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型。在293~308 K下,吸附焓变为14.77 k J·mol-1,表明该吸附过程为吸热过程。升高温度有利于提高吸附速率,但对最大平衡吸附容量影响不大。同时,采用动边界模型描述D-甘油酸在该树脂上的交换行为,分别考察了料液浓度、树脂粒径和温度对交换过程的影响。交换过程的吸附速率随D-甘油酸浓度和温度的增加而增大,但随树脂粒径的增大而减小。研究表明该离子交换过程的速率控制步骤为颗粒扩散过程,交换过程的反应速率常数k0为1.22×10-3,反应级数a为0.631,表观活化能Ea为14.90 k J·mol-1,并得到了动力学总方程。D-glyceric acid, one of the promising glycerol derivatives, has various biological functions such as accelerating ethanol and acetaldehyde oxidation. Plenty studies on the synthesis but few studies on downstream processes to recover D-glyceric acid were available. A static equilibrium adsorption was performed to study isothermal thermodynamics and kinetics of D-glyceric acid adsorption onto 201×7 strong basic anion exchange resin. The results showed that the adsorption process followed the Freundlich isothermal model at different p H and temperature conditions, which the maximum adsorption capacity decreased with increasing initial p H. The change of adsorption enthalpy was 14.77 k J·mol-1 at 293—308 K, suggesting an endo-thermic adsorption process. Raising temperature improved adsorption rate with limited influence on equilibrium adsorption capacity. The Dynamic Boundary Model was used to investigate adsorption kinetics with a focus on effects of D-glyceric acid concentration, resin particle diameter and adsorption temperature. The results suggested the particle diffusion was rate-limiting step of the adsorption process. The adsorption rate increased with the increase of D-glyceric acid concentration and temperature, but decreased with the increase of resin particle diameter. The general kinetics equation was obtained with the rate constant of exchange(k0), reaction order(a) and the apparent activation energy of reaction(Ea) as following k0=1.22×10-3, a=0.631, Ea=14.90 k J·mol-1.福建省高校产学合作项目(2015N5006);; 福建省教育厅中青年教师教育科研项目(JA15393);; 泉州师范学院青年博士预研基金项目(2015QBKJ04)~

生物模板法制备金属氧化物及其催化应用研究进展

自然环境中长期进化形成的多层次、多维和多尺度天然硬模板结构和一些具有多层次多维结构的天然"软"生物分子可为多级结构纳米材料的设计与制备提供了新的思路。金属氧化物通常作为催化剂的重要组成部分,其制备与催化应用得到广泛关注,生物模板法为金属氧化物的制备提供了一条简单、绿色、有效的合成路线。本文从基于生物模板的制备方法、生物模板在氧化物制备过程中的作用和生物模板在金属氧化物催化应用时的作用方面总结近十年来的研究进展。基于硬模板的制备方法简单高效,可完美地复制结构类似的金属氧化物材料,而软模板能够灵活地调控金属氧化物颗粒的尺寸和分散性。基于生物模板制备金属氧化物的过程往往经历"吸附-成核-生长-组装"多步骤,生物模板起着表面吸附、空间限域、导向等重要作用。就所得金属氧化物的催化应用而言,生物模板法的优势在于能够实现氧化物材料元素的自掺杂、有效改善传质以及特殊的表面结构赋予催化剂优异的催化性能。国家自然科学基金(21536010

Optimization for astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis with ethanol using response surface methodology

采用安全无毒的乙醇为溶剂,研究了超声时间、料液比、搅拌速度等因素对虾青素提取效率的影响。在此基础上,采用响应面设计对以上3个因素的交互关系进行探究。结果表明,3个因素对虾青素提取率的影响顺序为：超声时间〉料液比〉搅拌速度;最佳提取条件为：超声时间20min、料液比1：150、搅拌速度1000 r/min,在此条件下虾青素提取率可达48.42%。Ethanol, an environmentally friendly solvent, was used to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. The effect of several conditions, including ultrasound time, the ratio of solid to liquid （S/L） and stirring rate, on astaxanthin extraction rate was investigated. Response surface methodology was applied to study the interaction in these factors. The effects of three factors on the extraction of astaxanthin were in order of ultrasound time, S/L, and stirring rate. The optimal astaxanthin extraction rate was 48.42% with 20 min of ultrasound time, 1：150 of S/L, and 1000 r/min of stirring rate.国家自然科学基金项目（41606177）; 福建省高校产学合作项目（2015N5006）; 福建省教育厅中青年教师教育科研项目（JA15406）; 泉州市科技局校地协同创新项目（2016N056

氯离子和溶氧对苯丙氨酸解氨酶的失活作用

由肉桂酸和氨酶法合成l-苯丙氨酸(l-PHE)的反应是热力学上不利的.因为当苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PHEnylAlAnInEAMMOnIA-lyASE,PAl)被用在具有高PH,高氨和相对高的肉桂酸浓度的环境中被认为引起PAl的快速失活.通过转化反应实验,证明氯离子和溶氧的存在是PAl真正失活的因素.天津市自然科学基金资助项

采用掺稀降粘法探索新疆超稠油的应用

随着中轻质常规油资源的消耗,如何有效、经济地开采和利用非常规的重质油和沥青资源日益受到了人们的重视。本文首先对新疆超稠油的基本性质进行分析,然后考察其在50℃和常压的条件下,甲苯和汽油的掺入对超稠油降粘效果的影响,综合考虑稀油成本、减粘效果等因素,选择适当的掺油方式和比例混合掺入甲苯和汽油,并测试混合油的主要指标,以探索利用该超稠油制备船用燃料油的可能性。结果表明,掺入甲苯能够显著降低超稠油的粘度,而掺入汽油的降粘效果远不及掺入甲苯。在同样的掺稀比例下,先加甲苯后加汽油的降粘效果更好。通过采用混合掺入稀油(汽油和甲苯)对新疆超稠油进行降粘,所得混合油可达到180~#和380~#船用燃料油的大部分指标要求,具有一定的利润空间