Removal of Bioactive Compound (γ-Oryzanol) from Rice Bran Oil-Based Biodiesel Using Deep Eutectic Solvent

Rice bran oil-based biodiesel contains high level of un saponifiable matters (4.0 - 5.4 %) including bioactive compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, which have antioxidant activity. To fulfil the standard biodi esel specification, crude biodiesel should be refined. Isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from rice bran oil-based biodiesel are attractive options to further reduce the production cost of biodiesel since bioactive compounds can be sold separately at high price. The objective of this work is to study the effect of extraction time on the separation of fatty acid methyl ester(FAME)and γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil-based biodiesel using deep eutectic solvent (DES). Acid catalysed methanolysis was employed to convert rice bran oil into biodiesel at the following operation conditions: T = 60 °C, t = 8 h, molar ratio of oil to methanol = 1 : 10, and H2SO4 = 1 % of oil. Crude biodiesel obtained cont ains 89.05 % of FAME, 2.59 % of γ-oryzanol and less than 0.05 % of free fatty acids (FFA). The DES was prepared by mixing of choline chloride and ethylene glycol at a molar ratio of 1 : 2. The extraction temperature was varied at 30 °C, 45 °C and 60oC. The extraction time was varied from 15 min to 240 min at constant tem perature 30 °C and molar ratio crude biodiesel to DES 1/2 and 1/4. The highest FAME content (9 6.60 %) and the lowest γ-oryzanol (1.18 %) was obtained after extraction time of 240 min at 30oC and molar ratio 1 : 4. This work shows that DES has a potential to purify biodiesel and reduce unsaponifiable matter (γ-oryzanol) from rice bran oil-based biodiesel

Effect of acid-catalyzed methanolysis on the bioactive components of rice bran oil

The change in bioactive components in oil derived from rice bran oil after acid-catalyzed methanolysis was investigated in this study. The effects of catalyst amount, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction time, and nitrogen purging on acid-catalyzed methanolysis were investigated to find the optimum condition in converting all free fatty acids and acylglycerides into biodiesel with minimum loss of bioactive components. Acid-catalyzed esterification at 60 8C using 5 wt% of sulphuric acid as the catalyst can convert all free fatty acids (initial content = 59.19%) and acylglycerides (initial content = 19.31%) into fatty acid methyl esters in 5 h with a molar ratio of methanol to oil = 40. After the reaction, the losses of squalene, atocopherol, g-tocotrienol, campesterol, stigmasterol, b-sitosterol, and g-oryzanol are 50.07%, 18.06%, 63.09%, 21.68%, 28.74%, 25.42%, and 35.43%, respectively. When nitrogen purging was applied during the reaction, the losses of the aforementioned bioactive components became 42.54%, 0.00%, 43.47%, 23.47%, 26.66%, 24.07%, and 29.76%, respectively. In addition, oxidation products were not detected by GC–MS during acid-catalyzed methanolysis. From the present investigation, loss of bioactive components can be mitigated by carried out the reaction under nitrogen atmosphere

In-situ Biodiesel and Sugar Production From Rice Bran Under Subcritical Condition

An integrated method of producing biodiesel and sugar using subcritical water and methanol has been employed as a potential way to reduce the high cost of single biofuel production from rice bran. The effects of temperature, methanol to water ratio and reaction time on the biodiesel yield and purity, and the concentration of sugar in hydrolysate were investigated systematically. Biodiesel with yield and purity of 65.21%and 73.53%, respectively, was obtained from rice bran with initial free fatty acid (FFA) content of 37.64% under the following conditions: T= 200 oC, P= 4.0 MPa (using CO2 as pressurizing gas), ratio of rice bran/water/methanol of 1/2/6 (g/mL/mL), and 3 h of reaction time. FFAs level was reduced to 10.00% with crude biodiesel recovery of 88.69%. However, the highest biodiesel yield (67.39%) and crude biodiesel recovery (100.00%) were obtained by decreasing the amount of methanol so that the ratio of rice bran/water/methanol became 1/4/4, g/mL/mL. In addition, the highest sugar concentration of 0.98 g/L was obtained at 180 oC and 4.0 MPa with ratio of rice bran/water/methanol of 1/4/4 (g/mL/mL) and reaction time of 3 h. Since no catalyst was employed and the biodiesel and reducing sugar were produced directly from rice bran with high water and FFA contents, the process was simple and environmentally friendly, which would make the production of biofuel more economical and sustainable

Catalyst-free Ethyl Biodiesel Production from Rice Bran under Subcritical Condition

In-situ ethyl biodiesel production from rice bran under subcritical water and ethanol with no catalyst was employed. This process is environmentally friendly and is very flexible in term of feedstock utilization since it can handle relatively high moisture and free fatty acids (FFAs) contents. In addition, based on the biorefinery concept aiming to use the whole biomass for variety of applications, ethanolysis of rice bran into ethyl biodiesel leading to a 100 biodiesel. The influences of the operating variables such as reaction time (1 ? 10 h), ethanol concentration (12.5 ? 87.5), and pressurizing gas (N2 and CO2) on the ethyl biodiesel yield and purity have been investigated systematically while the temperature and pressure were kept constant at 200 �C and 40 bar. The optimum results were obtained at 5 h reaction time and 75 ethanol concentration using CO2 as compressing gas. Ethyl biodiesel yield and purity of 58.78 and 61.35, respectively, were obtained using rice bran with initial FFAs content of 37.64. FFAs level was reduced to 14.22 with crude biodiesel recovery of 95.98. Increasing the reaction time up to 10 h only increased the yield and purity by only about 3. Under N2 atmosphere and at the same operating conditions (5h and 75 ethanol), ethyl biodiesel yield and purity decreased to 54.63 and 58.07, respectively, while FFAs level was increased to 17.93 and crude ethyl biodiesel recovery decreased to 87.32

Purification of biodiesel by choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent

Purification is a crucial step in biodiesel production to meet the biodiesel standard. This study purified biodiesel using choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent (DES). DES was used to reduce unreacted oil and unsaponifiable matter in rice bran oil based biodiesel. The objective of this work was to study the effect of extraction time using DES on the content and yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Rice bran used in this work contains 16.49 % of oil with initial free fatty acids (FFA) of 44.75 %. Acid catalyzed methanolysis was employed to convert rice bran oil (RBO) into biodiesel under following operation conditions: T = 60 °C, t = 8 h, molar ratio of oil to methanol = 1/10, H2SO4 = 1% w/w of oil. Rice bran oil based biodiesel obtained contain 89.05 % of FAME with very low FFA content (0.05 %). DES was made from a mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol with molar ratio of 1/2. Molar ratio of crude biodiesel to DES were 1/2 and 1/4. Extraction time was varied from 15 minutes to 240 minutes at 30 °C. The highest FAME content was obtained after purification for 240 min. at molar ratio crude biodiesel to DES 1/4 was 96.60 %. This work shows that DES has potential to purify biodiesel from non-edible raw material, such as RBO

Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oils from Indonesia Basil (Kemangi) Leaf: Effects of Temperature and Extraction Time on Yield and Product Composition

This study investigated the extraction of essential oils from Indonesia basil (kemangi) leaf which have a potential antibacterial agent using subcritical water. Effects of temperature and extraction time on yield and product composition of basil oil obtained were study systematically. In this work, experiments were performed in a tubular stainless steel reactor at temperature from 150oC to 215oC for 1 to 9 h of extraction at a certain pressure (P= 40 bar)used fresh basil leaf. The yield and product composition of basil oils obtained were affected by temperature and extraction time. The yield of basil oil increased with increasing extraction time. However, yield of basil oil decreased from 1.41% to 1.2% with increasing temperature from 200oC to 215oC for 9 h of extraction time. The composition of essential oils obtained were varied depending on the temperature of extraction. Components in the basil oil which have an antibactial agent such as 1,8 Cineole, Tricosane and Eugenol were identified using subcritical water at temperature 200oC

Co-Pyrolysis Characteristics of Indonesia Low Rank Coal and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Co-pyrolysis behaviors of Indonesia low rank coal and oil palm empty fruit bunch were studied in a droptubed reactor under nitrogen atmosphere. The pyrolysis temperatures were 300 oC, 400 oC, 500 oC, 600 oC and 700 oC, respectively. Five differents biomass ratios (coal/oil palm empthy fruit bunch (w/w): 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) were used. Gas and tar components were analyzed by a gas chromatograph and a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively. Under co-pyrolysis conditions, the gas volume yields are lower than the calculated values and H2 content in the gas phase was higher. The changes of gas yield and components are probably caused by the secondary reactions and tar decomposition.Co-pyrolysis tar contains more acid and ester compounds. The addition of biomass changes the atmosphere during the pyrolysis process and promotes tar decomposition. The results of char yields were higher than the calculated values during co-pyrolysis

A non-catalytic in situ process to produce biodiesel from a rice milling by-product using a subcritical water-methanol mixture

A non-catalytic method to produce biodiesel in situ from a rice milling by-product, i.e. rice bran, using subcritical water-methanol mixture has been investigated. The method was found to be unaffected by initial moisture and free fatty acids (FFA) contents in rice bran so that no pretreatment was required. The yield and purity of biodiesel were higher under CO2 atmosphere than those under N atmosphere due the ability of the gas to acidify water-methanol mixture. Oil extraction from the bran was identified as the limiting step and complete oil extraction could be achieved in 3 h at 200oC, 4 MPa (under CO2 atmosphere) and 43.8 wt% methanol concentration. Consequently, the highest biodiesel yield was also achieved at those operating conditions. The experimental data suggested that hydrolysis of rice bran oil into FFA followed by methyl-esterification of FFA into biodiesel could be the preferred reaction path to direct transesterification of oil. Subcritical water-methanol mixture was also able to break down complex carbohydrates in rice bran into simple sugars soluble in aqueous phase so that it could be separated easily from biodiesel

Subcritical Water Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Moringa Oleifera Leaf

Moringa oleifera leaf is a good source of phenolic compounds that are reported to exhibit antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated the extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaf using subcritical water. Experiments were performed in a batch stainless steel reactor at temperature ranging from 100 to 300oC at residence time of 5 to 20 min. Subcritical water extraction resulted the highest yield of product, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity at temperature of 200oC at residence time of 15 minutes. The yield of product, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity obtained were 30.661%, 48.733 mg tannat acids/ g dry powder of extract and 45.863 mg ascorbic acid/L, respectively. Subcritical water at 200°C and 15 min might be a good substitute to organic solvents such as ethanol to obtain phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaf