Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Food Industry

Uporaba enzima i mikroorganizama za pripremu hrane poznata je od davnina. S napretkom tehnologije razvijeni su novi enzimi specifičnih svojstava i širokog raspona primjene, te se neprestano traga za novim mogućnostima njihove uporabe. Bakterije, kvasci i gljivice te njihovi enzimi često se upotrebljavaju za pripremu hrane poboljšanog okusa i teksture, a ekonomski su isplativi. Mikrobni enzimi se koriste u većoj mjeri nego biljni i životinjski enzimi, i to zbog jednostavnije i jeftinije proizvodnje te njihove postojane kvalitete. U ovom se revijalnom prikazu raspravlja o najnovijim postignućima u tehnologiji proizvodnje enzima u prehrambenoj industriji. Naveden je opsežan popis enzima koji se koriste za obradu hrane, mikroorganizama iz kojih su proizvedeni, te je dan pregled njihove raznovrsne primjene.The use of enzymes or microorganisms in food preparations is an age-old process. With the advancement of technology, novel enzymes with wide range of applications and specificity have been developed and new application areas are still being explored. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi and their enzymes are widely used in several food preparations for improving the taste and texture and they offer huge economic benefits to industries. Microbial enzymes are the preferred source to plants or animals due to several advantages such as easy, cost-effective and consistent production. The present review discusses the recent advancement in enzyme technology for food industries. A comprehensive list of enzymes used in food processing, the microbial source of these enzymes and the wide range of their application are discussed

Sorbitol Demineralization by Ion Exchange

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol commonly known as D-glucitol. It is synthesized from glucose by a reduction reaction altering the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group. The body slowly metabolizes sorbitol, minimizing the possibility of increasing the insulin level, and this makes it a good sweetener for diabetic patients. Sorbitol finds diverse applications in the food industry, and its purity is a significant factor to be considered before it is used as an additive to food. Various types of ion-exchange and membrane technologies have been applied for purifying this compound. This chapter is aimed to illustrate the different ion-exchange chromatographic techniques for demineralization/deashing of sorbitol with future perspectives

Bioflocculation: An alternative strategy for harvesting of microalgae - An overview

Microalgae based research has been extensively progressed for the production of value added products and biofuels. Potential application of microalgae for biofuel is recently gained more attention for possibilities of biodiesel and other high value metabolites. However, high cost of production of biomass associated with harvesting technologies is one of the major bottleneck for commercialization of algae based industrial product. Based on the operation economics, harvesting efficiency, technological possibilities, flocculation of algal biomass is a superior method for harvesting microalgae from the growth medium. In this article, latest trends of microalgal cell harvesting through flocculation are reviewed with emphasis on current progress and prospect in environmental friendly bio-based flocculation approach. Bioflocculation based microalgae harvesting technologies is a promising strategy for low cost microalgal biomass production for various applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Chapter 7 - Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass—Current trends and future perspectives

For the production of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment is an important step for breaking the chemical bond present in lignocelluloses. Among the different pretreatment strategies, biological pretreatment is found to be a promising approach and is eco-friendly and produces less inhibitors. In this process, lignolytic microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are used to reduce the recalcitrance of feedstock and finally enhance the digestibility with biomass hydrolyzing enzymes. Microbial-based pretreatment is usually carried out by growing microbes directly into the biomass or using enzyme cocktails. Challenges of biological pretreatment in pilot-scale studies include a longer incubation time when compared to conventional pretreatment strategies. This challenge can be overcome by utilization of potent microbial consortium. This chapter presents an overview of the merits and limitations of biological pretreatment, factors affecting biological pretreatment, as well as future perspectives

Development of a novel ultrasound- assisted alkali pretreatment strategy for the production of bioethanol and xylanases from chili post harvest residue

A novel ultrasound-assisted alkali pretreatment strategy was developed which could effectively remove lignin and hemicelluloses and improve the sugar yield from chili post harvest residue. Operational parameters that affect the pretreatment efficiency were studied and optimized. Inhibitor analysis of the hydrolyzate revealed that major fermentation inhibitors like furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural as well as organic acids like citric acid, succinic acid and propionic acid were absent. Hence fermentation can be carried out without detoxification of the hydrolyzate. Changes in structural properties of the biomass were studied in relation to the pretreatment process using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the changes in chemical composition were also monitored. The biomass pretreated with the optimized novel method could yield 0.428 g/g of reducing sugars upon enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrolyzate obtained by this novel pretreatment strategy was found to be suitable for bioethanol and xylanase production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved