Studies on the effect of fuel injection on the ignition process of the hydrazine-nitric acid system

Effect of fuel injection on ignition process of hydrazine-nitric acid syste

Argument Maps Improve Critical Thinking

Computer-based argument mapping greatly enhances student critical thinking, more than tripling absolute gains made by other methods. I describe the method and my experience as an outsider. Argument mapping often showed precisely how students were erring (for example: confusing helping premises for separate reasons), making it much easier for them to fix their errors

Evolution Of Vegetation, Relief And Geology In Central Poland Under Anthropopressure

Published in: Origin of Relief of Central Poland and Its Anthropogenic Transformation in Łódź University Geographical Research, edited by. E.Kobojek, T.MarszałThe review of the localities with biogenic, slope, fluvial and aeolian deposits in which the indirect impact of human activity on their ori gin is recorded, shows that evidence of changes of the vegetation pat tern and evolution of the relief and geological structure are in Central Poland particularly numerous. The exact correlation of the sites is beyond the scope of this chapter, due to the strictly local nature of prehistoric anthropopressure and a variety of environmental condi tions. Nevertheless it is possible to draw some general remarks. 1. More significant changes in the relief and geology of Central Poland that occurred under human pressure date back to the Neo holocene (the Early Subboreal Period and Subatlantic Period). More pronounced transformation of the slopes, river valley bottoms and aeolian landforms occurred since the Middle Bronze Age, around 3500 years ago. 2. The punctuated changes, in both vegetation and abiotic com ponents of the environment, were marked at the earliest in the large river valleys (e.g. Warta, Ner, Bzura rivers) and minor valleys within the Warsaw-Berlin pradolina. In higher lying parts of Central Po land, these changes on a similar scale emerged much later, only after ca. 2000–2500 years. It was connected with much worse conditions for the settlements in areas of more diversified relief configuration, with poorer soils and limited access to water. 3. The transformation of the vegetation, relief and geological structure took place gradually, along with the expansion of prehis toric settlement of the Trzciniec Culture , the Lusatian Culture and the Przeworsk Culture, whereas in the historical period – along with Early Medieval settlement. Less important for these changes were the impact of people of the Neolithic cultures, and short-stay of peo ple of the Pomeranian Culture in the Central Poland area. 4. The studied transformations were driven by both natural factors, particularly climate, which has changed during the Holo cene repeatedly (but on a relatively moderate scale), and by anthro pogenic factors, the importance of which was growing rapidly in the expansion phases of prehistoric cultures. These influences are rela tively easy to distinguish in the palynological profiles by a well-de fined group of plants accompanying the settlement and economy, whereas their distinguishing in the relief and geology transforma tions is much more difficult. However, it should be stressed that the development of the slopes and aeolian geosystems, and superim posing increased fluvial activity, in many cases were synchronous. This synchronous response, noting at the same time in different sed imentary environments, rather indicates the dominance of anthro pogenic factor, because the humid climate, favourable to stimulate fluvial and slope processes is less favourable for the simultaneous development of aeolian relief. Favourable natural conditions un doubtedly facilitated breaking the balance of the geosystem and the initiation of processes and their more efficient course under anthro pogenic changes of the environment. 5. The trends of the Neoholocene relief transformations were very different. Both processes, leading to local increases of relief and diversified terrain morphology (e.g. gully erosion, so-called wheel erosion, formation of agricultural terraces, accumulation of series overlaying of Late Glacial dunes) and the processes of op posite trends (e.g. aggradation of valley bottoms, tillage erosion, dismant ling of old dunes). Most Neoholocene morphogenetic pro cesses resulted in the increased lithological differentiation, soil for mation and increasing geodiversity of the environment. 6. A number of processes that affected the nature of the vegeta tion, relief and geology was a targeted, intentional and direct inter ference (e.g. land clearance in order to obtain arable fields, energy raw materials and building materials, construction of embankments in river valleys, exploitation of till, sand and other aggregates). How ever, most of the changes should be regarded as unintended and negative, so to speak, a side effect of centuries of settlement and economy. There may be mentioned here: planation of slopes used for agriculture, gully erosion, wheel erosion, the spread of poor aeo lian areas or the increase in the frequency and scale of floods in the Central Poland rivers as a result of an accelerated water circulation on the vegetation-free slopes. 7. Obviously, the Holocene morphogenetic cycle occurred in the past (and is still occurring) under human impact, which proves the J. Dylik’s thesis quoted in the Introduction. This cycle, superim posed on the periglacial morphogenesis, partially obliterates its ef fects and partially only modifies them. Taking into account the short duration of the Holocene cycle, it is characterised by a large dynam ics of the processes being accelerated and intensified by man

The Importance of Listening to God's Word

Człowiek ze swej istoty jest słuchaczem słowa, dzięki czemu czerpie wiedzę i mądrość życiową. Szczególnie ważne i doniosłe w jego życiu jest słuchanie samego Boga, pełni prawdy i mądrości. Religia chrześcijańska opiera się na słuchaniu i wypełnianiu słowa Bożego. Pismo Święte Starego Testamentu często mówi o wielkim znaczeniu słowa Bożego w życiu ludzi i całego narodu wybranego. Słuchanie tego słowa jest źródłem światła, nadziei, błogosławieństwa, radości i pomyślności. Dlatego człowiek powinien bardzo cenić sobie słowo Boże i żyć nim na co dzień. Jeżeli zaś nie wierzy, zamyka uszy i serce na słowo Boże, odrzuca je, czekają go nieszczęścia i kary. W Nowym Testamencie Jezus Chrystus – Słowo Boże wcielone – objawia ludziom miłość Boga i wzywa do przyjmowania z wiarą dobrej nowiny. Błogosławieni są ci, którzy z wiarą słuchają słowa Bożego, zachowują je w sercu i wypełniają, a Maryja jest najlepszym tego wzorem. Każdy chrześcijanin powinien usilnie prosić Ducha Świętego o łaskę słuchania słowa dla siebie i dla swoich bliźnich. Słuchanie słowa Bożego zobowiązuje człowieka do dawania świadectwa wiary słowem i życiem. Apostołowie odważnie głosili Ewangelię; mimo prześladowań stwierdzali: „Bo my nie możemy nie mówić tego, cośmy widzieli i słyszeli” (Dz 4,20). Dlatego kaznodzieje powinni częściej pouczać wiernych o wielkim znaczeniu słuchania słowa Bożego, zarówno w czasie liturgii, jak i poza nią, uczyć ich przyjmowania tego słowa w duchu głębokiej wiary i posłuszeństwa. Wychowywanie wiernych do słuchania słowa Bożego należy do węzłowych problemów homiletycznych

Optical dating and sedimentary record from the terrace depositional profile of the Warta River (Central Poland)

Results of OSL dating and sedimentary studies from the profile of the low alluvial terrace of the middle Warta River are presented. The samples were dated using the single-aliquot regenera-tive method. Dating was used to establish a timing of the Weichselian Late Glacial events in the river valley environment. Stable conditions on the floodplain are expressed by the deposition of organic-rich series radiocarbon dated at 12 900–12 600 cal BP and 11 600–10 770 cal BP. Samples for OSL dating were collected from the mineral material deposited during the intensification of flood events during the Weichselian decline. The results obtained for the alluvia range from 12.78 ± 0.62 ka b2k to 14.33 ± 0.74 ka b2k. Sedimentological criteria allowed to distinguish between particular flood events. Overestimation of OSL ages is probably a result of rapidity of environmental changes in that time.Grant from the National Science Centre, No N N306 788240 “Pal-aeogeographical conditions of existence and destruction of the Late Weichselian forest in the Warta River Valley (the Koło Basin)”

RECORDS ON ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN SMALL RIVER VALLEYS IN THE VICINITY OF ŁOWICZ (CENTRAL POLAND): THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF LATE HOLOCENE SETTLEMENT TENDENCIES

Based on palaeobotanical analyses of organic deposits, as well as geomorphological and geological studies at four sites in various geomorphological locations in relation to tributaries of the Bzura River, the presence of traces of human activity, its intensiveness, and classification to cultural levels were analysed. A pattern of later and later settlement in areas remote from the axis of the Warsaw–Berlin streamway was observed along with the gradual introduction of settlement from river valley bottoms to watershed zones