192 research outputs found

    Water ice deuteration: a tracer of the chemical history of protostars

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    Context. Millimetric observations have measured high degrees of molecular deuteration in several species seen around low-mass protostars. The Herschel Space Telescope, launched in 2009, is now providing new measures of the deuterium fractionation of water, the main constituent of interstellar ices. Aims. We aim at theoretically studying the formation and the deuteration of water, which is believed to be formed on interstellar grain surfaces in molecular clouds. Methods. We used our gas-grain astrochemical model GRAINOBLE, which considers the multilayer formation of interstellar ices. We varied several input parameters to study their impact on water deuteration. We included the treatment of ortho- and para-states of key species, including H2, which affects the deuterium fractionation of all molecules. The model also includes relevant laboratory and theoretical works on the water formation and deuteration on grain surfaces. In particular, we computed the transmission probabilities of surface reactions using the Eckart model, and we considered ice photodissociation following molecular dynamics simulations. Results. The use of a multilayer approach allowed us to study the influence of various parameters on the abundance and the deuteration of water. Deuteration of water is found to be very sensitive to the ortho-to-para ratio of H2 and to the total density, but it also depends on the gas/grain temperatures and the visual extinction of the cloud. Since the deuteration is very sensitive to the physical conditions, the comparison with sub-millimetric observation towards the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293 allows us to suggest that water ice is formed together with CO2 in molecular clouds with limited density, whilst formaldehyde and methanol are mainly formed in a later phase, where the condensation becomes denser and colder.Comment: Accepted for publication to A&A. 24 pages, 10 figure

    Améliorer la résilience urbaine par un diagnostic collaboratif, l'exemple des services urbains parisiens face à l'inondation

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    thĂšse CIFRE rĂ©alisĂ©e avec Egis, l'École des ingĂ©nieurs de la ville de Paris (EIVP) et l'UniversitĂ© Paris-DiderotThis research aims at designing and testing a methodology to improve urban resilience which includes both technical and organizational aspects. Ensuring the resilience of their territory is a major issue for local authorities, but the complexity of the stakes makes implementing this promising concept difficult. This research focuses on urban services, assuming that they are a necessary, but although insufficient, prerequisite to city resilience. Indeed, urban services are the backbone of urban functions and they are levers for action by authorities. Furthermore their technical and organizational specificities embody the urban system's complexity. Urban service manager collaboration is then relevant insofar that their interdependency is a critical resilience issue. The methodology to identify and asses urban service interdependencies is tested on the Parisian region. The future 100-year flood of the river Seine is a major concern for Parisian authorities, however planned responses are still disconnected. The collaborative approach constructed with Parisian managers highlights the importance of interdependency management. It also identifies margins for improvement in urban service resilience. Larger territorial scales must also be taken into account, including through urban planning and long term strategies. Hence, all stakeholders can be involved in order to feed and implement this continuous resilience improvement.L'objectif de cette recherche est de concevoir et expĂ©rimenter une mĂ©thodologie d'amĂ©lioration de la rĂ©silience urbaine intĂ©grant les dimensions techniques et organisationnelles. La rĂ©silience des villes face aux nombreuses perturbations qui les menacent est une problĂ©matique majeure pour les collectivitĂ©s. Mais la complexitĂ© des enjeux sous-jacents limite l'opĂ©rationnalisation d'un concept pourtant prometteur. Cette recherche porte sur la rĂ©silience des services urbains, partant du postulat qu'ils sont un prĂ©alable nĂ©cessaire, mais non suffisant, Ă  la rĂ©silience des villes. En effet, ils supportent les fonctions urbaines, constituent des leviers d'action pour les collectivitĂ©s et prĂ©sentent des spĂ©cificitĂ©s sociotechniques incarnant la complexitĂ© du systĂšme urbain. La collaboration des gestionnaires de services urbains est alors une approche pertinente, du fait notamment de l'importance des interdĂ©pendances pour leur rĂ©silience. Une mĂ©thodologie d'identification et d'analyse des interdĂ©pendances des services urbains est expĂ©rimentĂ©e sur le territoire parisien. Le risque d'inondation due Ă  une crue centennale de la Seine est une prĂ©occupation majeure pour les autoritĂ©s mais les rĂ©ponses apportĂ©es sont encore trop dĂ©connectĂ©es. La dĂ©marche collaborative mise en Ɠuvre avec les gestionnaires met en avant l'importance de la prise en compte des interdĂ©pendances et identifie les marges d'amĂ©lioration pour la rĂ©silience des services urbains. L'articulation avec les Ă©chelles supĂ©rieures du territoire et de la planification urbaine en gĂ©nĂ©ral est alors nĂ©cessaire pour mettre en place une dĂ©marche d'amĂ©lioration continue de la rĂ©silience impliquant l'ensemble des parties prenantes

    Eruptive Disseminated Porokeratosis Associated with Corticosteroid-Induced Immunosuppression

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    Eruptive disseminated porokeratosis (EDP) is a disease that presents clinically with sudden onset of erythematous papules and plaques, with a ridge-like border histologically represented by a cornoid lamella. We report a case of EDP occurring in a 39-year-old woman 3 days after completion of a 2-week course of oral corticosteroid therapy for an acute asthma exacerbation. The patient was treated with emollients and sun protection. Unlike the more chronic disseminated superficial (actinic) porokeratosis, EDP secondary to immunosuppression from corticosteroid therapy has very rarely been reported in the dermatological literature

    Molecular modeling of heterogeneous processes for the interstellar chemistry

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    Prévision et décomposition phénoménologique de la traßnée pour des écoulements instationnaires

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    Accurate drag prediction is now of a major issue for aircraft designers. Its phenomenological sources need to be identified and quantified for an efficient design process. Far-field methods, which allow such phenomenological drag breakdown, are however restricted to steady flows. This study consists in developing a far-field drag prediction method aiming at a phenomenological breakdown of drag for unsteady flows. The first step has consisted in generalizing the steady formulation of Van der Vooren to unsteady flows, starting from a new rigorous proof. Axes for the improvement of the robustness and physical background have then been explored. Acoustic contributions have in particular been highlighted and quantified. The resulting five-components formulation has then been applied to simple cases, in order to validate as best as possible the phenomenological breakdown. The behavior of the drag components has proved to be consistent with the physics of the flow. Finally, the method has been applied to complex cases in order to demonstrate its capabilities: a 3-D case and a flow simulated by the ZDES method. In the future, it would be interesting to further improve the definition of the induced drag component, for example by using velocity-based formulations. As far as the application cases are concerned, the performance evaluation of a Counter-Rotating-Open-Rotor would strongly benefit from such a method. Unsteady optimization of one of the drag component could also be contemplated. Finally, applications in aeroelasticity or flapping flight would be an interesting perspective.L'estimation prĂ©cise de la traĂźnĂ©e est aujourd'hui un enjeu majeur pour les avionneurs. Il est nĂ©cessaire d'identifier et de quantifier ses sources phĂ©nomĂ©nologiques dans le cadre d'un processus de design efficace. Les mĂ©thodes champ lointain, qui permettent une telle dĂ©composition, sont cependant limitĂ©es aux applications stationnaires.Cette Ă©tude consiste Ă  dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode d'extraction champ lointain destinĂ©e Ă  permettre une dĂ©composition phĂ©nomĂ©nologique de la traĂźnĂ©e pour des Ă©coulements instationnaires. La premiĂšre Ă©tape a consistĂ© Ă  gĂ©nĂ©raliser la formulation stationnaire de Van der Vooren aux Ă©coulements instationnaires. Des axes pour l'amĂ©lioration de la robustesse et du contenu physique ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©s, avec la mise en Ă©vidence de phĂ©nomĂšnes acoustiques. La formulation ainsi obtenue a ensuite Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  des cas tests simples, dans le but de valider la dĂ©composition phĂ©nomĂ©nologique. Le comportement des composantes de traĂźnĂ©e s'est avĂ©rĂ© cohĂ©rent avec la physique de l'Ă©coulement. Enfin, la mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  des cas complexes afin de dĂ©montrer ses capacitĂ©s : un cas instationnaire 3D ainsi qu'un Ă©coulement simulĂ© en ZDES.Dans l'avenir, il serait intĂ©ressant de continuer Ă  explorer la dĂ©finition de la composante de traĂźnĂ©e induite, par exemple en utilisant les formulations basĂ©es sur le vecteur vitesse. En ce qui concerne les cas d'application, l'Ă©valuation de la performance d'un doublet d'hĂ©lices contra-rotatives pourrait fortement bĂ©nĂ©ficier de l'utilisation d'une mĂ©thode comme celle-ci. Enfin, des applications en vol d'ailes battantes pourraient ĂȘtre d'intĂ©ressantes perspectives

    III. Améliorer la résilience urbaine par un diagnostic collaboratif - L'exemple des services urbains parisiens face à l'inondation

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    Toubin Marie. III. Améliorer la résilience urbaine par un diagnostic collaboratif - L'exemple des services urbains parisiens face à l'inondation. In: Droit et gestion des collectivités territoriales. Tome 35, 2015. Collectivités territoriales et emploi. pp. 575-584
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