The Embeddedness of Global Value Chains - Institutions and Value Chain Restructuring in the Cashew Industries of India and Ivory Coast

The production, trade and consumption of agricultural commodities are in a constant state of flux. This is exemplified by the cashew industry, where the restructuring of production and processing has entailed a variety of organisational and geographical shifts over the past few decades, both between continents and within countries. This dissertation explores these processes by asking: How did the geography and organisation of the cashew industries in India and Ivory Coast evolve, and how can the restructuring be explained? I focus on the intersection of institutions and economic actors to achieve two goals. First, the study illuminates the institutional drivers of value chain restructuring within particular places. Acknowledging that value chains do not exist in a vacuum but remain embedded in geographically specific institutional settings, this study places a particular focus on the role of institutions at the state and sub-state level in shaping the geography and organisational structure of global production and trade. Second, this study develops general propositions about the relationship between the strategic behaviour of value chain actors and pressures arising from their institutional environment. For this purpose, I use an ‘institutionally enriched global value chain approach’ which links the agency of economic actors with pressures exerted by their institutional environment. Out of the interplay between firm strategies and institutional pressures, it is argued, emerge the drivers and developmental prospects associated with the globalisation of local economic activities

Nesting Chronology of South Dakota Ducks

Duck broods were censused on 476 randomly selected plots in South Dakota during July of the years 1973 through 1976. Broods were also censused on wetlands located off the study plots both in July and August of these years, except in 1976 when no August counts were made. Hatching and nest initiation dates were determined by back dating from brood age classes. Early nesting species were mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and pintails (A. acuta). Northern shovelers (A. clypeata), redheads (Aythya americana), and canvasbacks (A. valisineria) were intermediate nesters while blue-winged teal (Anas discors), gadwalls (A. strepera), and American wigeons (A. americana) were late nesters. Mallards and pintails initiated nests over the longest periods of time. Variables associated with wetland habitat, temperature, and physiography were examined by multiple regression to see if these factors influenced nest initiation dates, Results of the analyses were inconclusive. There is probably not enough variation in most of these aspects across South Dakota to allow statistical perception of potential relationships with nest initiation dates. I suggest that this type of analysis be applied to data collected over a much broader and more diverse area, the entire prairie pothole region

IMPACT OF A WARMED ENVIRONMENT, SPIKE MORPHOLOGY AND GENOTYPE ON FHB LEVELS IN A SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT MAPPING POPULATION

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and other small grains; disease severity is affected by temperature and rainfall. This research comprised three studies: an artificially warmed experiment during 2016-2017, a morphology study and an FHB resistance screening study in 2015-2016, using approximately 250 wheat cultivars and breeding lines from programs in the eastern US. The location was the University of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm in Lexington, KY. Higher levels of Fusarium damaged kernels and the toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) were observed in the warmed treatment compared to the control, and plant development was accelerated. In the FHB resistance screen, significant (p \u3c 0.05) genotype differences for all traits were observed. A GWAS identified 16 SNPs associated with resistance and susceptibility, ranging from -2.14 to 4.01%. Three DON-associated SNPs reduced toxin levels by 3.2, 2.1, and 1.5 ppm. In the morphology study, negative correlations were observed among morphological and disease traits. Small effect SNPs were identified for all morphological traits, which might be useful in genomic selection; traits like spike length, spikelet number and inclination could be used in phenotyping. Response to warming indicates that existing resistance sources may be less effective in a warming climate

Integrated Circuits Based on 300 GHz fT Metamorphic HEMT Technology for Millimeter-Wave and Mixed-Signal Applications

Advanced circuits based on metamorphic HEMT (MHEMT)technologies on 4 ”GaAs substrates for both millimeter-wave,and mixed- signal applications are presented.Extrinsic cut-off frequencies of ft =293 GHz and fmax =337 GHz were achieved for a 70 nm gate length metamorphic HEMT echnology.The MMIC process obtains high yield on transistor and circuit level.Single-stage low-noise amplifiers demonstrate a small signal gain of 13 dB and a noise figure of 2.8 dB at 94 GHz.An amplifier MMIC developed for D-Band operation features a gain of 15 dB at 160 GHz.The achieved results are comparable to state- of-the-art InP-based HEMT technologies.In order to realize 80 Gbit/s digital circuits,a process with 100 nm gate length enhancement type HEMTs with a transit frequency of 200 GHz is used.Three metalization layers are available for interconnects.The parasitic capacitance of the interconnects is kept low by using BCB and plated air bridge technology.Based on this process,static and dynamic frequency dividers achieve a maximu toggle frequency of 70 GHz and 108 GHz,respectively

IOIS ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION A REVIEW OF PORT AND CARGO COMMUNITY SYSTEM LITERATURE

We investigate how Port and Cargo Community System (CS) adoption research has been operationalized with a Structured Literature Review approach to test whether CS adoption research has a different thematical and methodological focus than overall IS, specifically Inter-organizational Information System (IOIS) research. Despite drastic contextual changes, the dominant research paradigm and subsequently models used to investigate IS innovations\u27 adoption and diffusion mechanisms originated in the early times of computers and the internet. CS research’s different focus allows us to uncover that three underlying assumptions of the dominant paradigm should be challenged in increasingly complex environments, viz. the deterministic view on dependent variables, the independence of explanatory variables, and the independence of innovations from previous, related innovations. Our novel framework, which integrates these insights, can be used in future research and by practitioners to account for the increasing complexity of IS adoption and diffusion processes

Comparison of metallic Silicon in clusions in industrial Container glass and laboratory melts

Metallic silicon inclusions in glasses obtained from different Container glass companies and from laboratory melts by addition of metallic cuttings (aluminum, magnesium) were examined using light and Scanning electron microscopy The composition of the formed silicon spheres is always similar. The metallic inclusions are composed of silicon with a very small part of fmely distributed iron-Silicon alloys. In amber and green glass chromium, manganese and copper are additionally enriched as further main elements in these alloying phases. Differences in the composition of silicon spheres are due to the dwell time and the concentration of polyvalent ions in the melt

GWAS for Fusarium Head Blight Related Traits in Winter Wheat (\u3cem\u3eTriticum Aestivum\u3c/em\u3e L.) in an Artificially Warmed Treatment

Global temperature increases will affect Fusarium head blight (FHB) levels in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A pressing question is whether current sources of resistance will be effective in a warmer environment. We evaluated phenotypic response to disease in 238 soft winter wheat breeding lines and cultivars grown in 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 under control and warmed (+3 °C) conditions. Warming was achieved with heating cables buried 3 cm in the rhizosphere. We measured heading date, plant height, yield, FHB rating, Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), deoxynivalenol (DON), leaf blotch rating, powdery mildew rating and leaf rust rating. There were significant (p \u3c 0.01) differences among genotypes for all traits measured. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 19 and 10 significant SNPs in the control and warmed treatments, respectively. FDK and DON levels were often significantly (p \u3c 0.05) higher in warmed than in control when we contrasted alleles at important quantitative trait locus (QTL) such as Fhb1, Rht-B1 and D1 and all vernalization and photoperiod loci. Increased rhizosphere temperature resulted in a significantly (p \u3c 0.01) earlier heading date (~3.5 days) both years of the study. Rank correlation between warmed and control treatments was moderate (r = 0.56). Though encouraging, it indicates that selection for performance under warming should be carried out in a warmed environment

Thermal behavior of metallic aluminum in a Container glass melt

The thermal behavior o f metallic aluminum was studied in the temperature ränge of 1100 to 1500°C in a Container glass melt. The dissolution of the metal was determined as a function of aluminum input, glass volume, melting time and the type of glass used. By analogy, melts containing magnesium cuttings were also investigated. With the aid of electron microscopy, it was possible to establish a reaction scheme of Oxidation and reduction processes. Only 2 to 3 % of the aluminum introduced causes the formation of silicon spheres. The main part will be oxidized through reactions with oxygen, hydroxide and polyvalent ions in the melt

Monitoramento de condições climáticas: uma ferramenta para o manejo do míldio da videira no Norte do Paraná.

bitstream/item/110713/1/Reginaldo-monitoramentoParana.pd