292 research outputs found
Simulated Atmospheric No3â Deposition Increases Soil Organic Matter By Slowing Decomposition
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117243/1/eap20081882016.pd
Nitrogen turnover in the leaf litter and fine roots of sugar maple
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117199/1/ecy201091123456.pd
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Predicting Resource Management Benefits By Simulating Angler Demand and Supply Responses
The âproductâ travel cost model (PTC) improves supply and substitution specification in travel cost
models (TCM), eliminating common biases in estimating welfare effects of qualitative changes at specific
sites. Angling sites and participation are modeled as a system of product supplies and demands; changes
in angling quality at specific sites are evaluated as changes in the supplies of relevant products. PTC
assumes that each angler chooses from a selection of angling opportunities (i.e., products) based on access
cost (i.e., travel cost) and the nature of each angling product. Key factors defining angling products (e.g.,
success rate, fish size) are derived from angler travel patterns: Anglers are assumed indifferent between
sites providing identical angling products, so choose the lowest cost site. Therefore, the benefits of any
management action not only differ from average welfare-change values, but are also site-specific.
Changing angling attributes at a site changes its angling product: a unit of the existing product
(potentially decreasing its supply) is lost while a unit of the newly created product is produced
(potentially increasing its supply). Changes in supply at one site may alter angler participation patterns
and the value of angling opportunities at the affected site plus at many other sites as well. Credit Valley
Conservation contracted the application of the PTC examined here, namely angling in the Credit River
watershed near Toronto, Canada. Average angler consumer surplus was estimated at $40 per angler day
and varied according to angling product, location and season.Keywords: Fishery Management, Special Topics, Fisheries Economics, Valuing Recreational Fisheries and Modelling Human Responses to Changes in their Management Regime
Commentary: Are Groups More or Less Than the Sum of Their Members? The Moderating Role of Individual Identification
Baumeister et al. (2016) proposed that people perform better in groups only âwhen members of the group are individually identified and responsibleâ (p. 2), and conversely, that people perform worse in groups when they âare not publicly identified or rewardedâ (p. 2). In other words, they emphasized how individual responsibility contributes to group success. However, we argue that shared identity, whereby group members share a common responsibility, can also facilitate group success in many circumstances, and thus should not be discounted. Several authors have shared the same view in the open peer commentary published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences about the ideas of Baumeister et al. (e.g., Budescu and Maciejovsky, 2016; Haslam and Ellemers, 2016; Nijstad and De Dreu, 2016). These authors had noted the special role of shared identity or having a common goal in facilitating bonds between members. Consistent with this, Ein-Dor and Hirschberger (2016) show how forming a cohesive group is a prerequisite for whether differentiation can have its maximal effect on group success. We argue two additional factors ignored by Baumeister et al. influence the effect of individual identity on group success: cultural differences and task characteristics
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