410 research outputs found
āNije na pjesniku da se klanja kraljuā. Pozicija disidenta u hrvatskoj teatrologiji ā sluÄaj IvÅ”iÄ
The paper discusses the position of Croatian playwright Radovan IvÅ”iÄ in Croatian theatre historiography, before and after the independence of Croatia in the nineties. The research results point to three major phases in IvÅ”iÄās reception in Croatian theatre historiography ā the rejection, acceptance and canonization.The paper discusses the position of Croatian playwright Radovan IvÅ”iÄ in Croatian theatre historiography, before and after the independence of Croatia in the nineties. The research results point to three major phases in IvÅ”iÄās reception in Croatian theatre historiography ā the rejection, acceptance and canonization
FOOTBALL STADIUM FLOODLIGHT AIMING BY USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM WITH MULTIāSTEP APPROACH
Light designerās task is to aim the football
stadium floodlight to achieve the required levels
of average horizontal and vertical illuminations,
as well as their uniformity. At the same time the
floodlight aiming for higher demand (for example
official games lighting) must incorporate that
some reflectors have a fixed aiming obtained
by optimizing for lower demand (for example
training). It is called the multiāstep approach.
In developing of the model and the program
GAVRAS are used the mathematical package
Matlab with its GA toolbox and own old
program for outdoor lighting calculation VRAS.
Implementation of the program GAVRAS is
demonstrated by an exampl
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite-Collagen Biocomposite Materials
Hydroxyapatite-collagen composite is a prosperous biomaterial in reconstructive surgery for the reparation of defects within human hard tissue. Within this research, three-dimensional blocks of HAp/collagen composite biomaterial were synthesized by homogenizing the HAp/collagen mixture by cold and hot (T=60oC) pressing (P=49 MPa). The changes in the system were followed by using thermal analysis (DSC & TGA), FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The identification and kinetic analysis of appearing phase transition were done. FT-IR spectrum of the biocomposite shows that neither cold nor hot pressing had significant influence on the individual components of the composite. SEM of the fracture surfaces showed that more intimate contact between the phases happened during hot consolidation. The obtained results suggest that the native structure of collagen molecules was destroyed, but the primary structure was maintained. Such a mild modification of collagen molecules can possibly lead to elimination of antigenicity effects after implantation of this kind of biomaterial into human body
Optic neuritis as first symptom of multiple sclerosis
OptiÄki neuritis pretežito pogaÄa mlaÄe odrasle osobe. NajÄeÅ”Äi je uzrok akutnog unilateralnog gubitka vida u toj populaciji. No njegova važnost prije svega je u tome da nosi odreÄeni rizik konverzije u multiplu sklerozu. To je potaknulo brojna istraživanja kako Å”to ranije procijeniti rizik za kasniju konverziju u kliniÄki manifestnu multiplu sklerozu, odnosno kako to usporiti ili sprijeÄiti. Takav se oblik naziva tipiÄnim i tretira se kao kliniÄki izolirani sindrom. Uzrok tipiÄnog optiÄkog neuritisa povezan je s demijelinizacijskim oÅ”teÄenjima vidnog živca. Osim naglog pada vidne oÅ”trine vrlo razliÄitog opsega, javljaju se i poremeÄaji ostalih funkcija vida, kontrastne osjetljivosti, vidnog polja i kolornog vida. Gotovo u svih bolesnika javlja se retrobulbarna i periorbitna bol, izraženija pomicanjem oka, te odreÄene zjeniÄne nenormalnosti. Dijagnoza je kliniÄka, no uz dodatna testiranja vidnih funkcija, poželjno je obaviti joÅ” neke pretrage. Analiza cerebrospinalnog likvora posebno je bitna kada postoje atipiÄna obilježja optiÄkog neuritisa koja sugeriraju drugaÄiju etiologiju. Magnetska rezonancija ima znaÄajniju prognostiÄku od dijagnostiÄke vrijednosti. Ona se jasno dokazala zasad najboljim samostalnim prediktorom rizika za kasniji razvoj multiple skleroze. U zavrÅ”nom istraživanju nakon 15 godina praÄenja Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial grupe, 72% bolesnika s abnormalnim poÄetnim nalazom MR mozga razvilo je MS, dok je samo 25% onih s poÄetnim normalnim nalazom razvilo MS. Rizik je bio najizraženiji u prvih pet godina. Zbog toga se u praÄenju bolesnika preporuÄuje raditi godiÅ”nje preglede magnetskom rezonancijom kroz najmanje pet godina. I drugi nalazi i metode, poput oligoklonalnih traka u likvoru, nekih serumskih i likvorskih biomarkera, pa i demografskih Äimbenika ili anamneze pozitivne na ranija demijelinizacijska zbivanja, pokazala su odreÄenu sposobnost predviÄanja progresije bolesti, samostalno ili u kombinaciji s nalazom magnetske rezonancije. BuduÄi da je kod tipiÄnog optiÄkog neuritisa Äest spontani oporavak bez specifiÄne terapije, nije lako odrediti koga ipak treba lijeÄiti i na ovom podruÄju joÅ” vladaju mnoge kontroverze i stavovi nisu usuglaÅ”eni. Procijenjeni rizik pomaže u odluci. Kortikosteroidna terapija je pokazala kratkoroÄnu uÄinkovitost u visokim poÄetnim intravenskim dozama bržim oporavkom vidnih funkcija. No dugoroÄna dobrobit ni oporavka vida ni sprjeÄavanja ili odgaÄanja razvoja multiple skleroze nije dokazana. Tome svakako treba pridodati sve ÄeÅ”Äe ukazivanje znanstvene zajednice na neurodegenerativan uÄinak koji kortikosteroidi mogu imati. U visoko riziÄnih bolesnika valja razmotriti opciju ranog ukljuÄivanja imunomodulatornog lijeÄenja buduÄi da se pokazalo da u odnosu na kortikosteroide imaju dugoroÄnije pozitivne uÄinke na pojavu relapsa i smanjenje rizika od razvoja multiple skleroze, iako dugoroÄni protektivni utjecaj na razvoj invaliditeta nije dokazan.Optic neuritis mainly affects younger adults. It is the most common cause of acute unilateral vision loss among this population. However, his importance is primarily that it carries a certain risk of conversion to multiple sclerosis. This has prompted numerous studies to assess risk of conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis, how to slow it down or prevent it. Such a form is termed typical and is considered as clinically isolated syndrome. Cause od typical optic neuritis is associated with demyelinating lesions of optic nerve. Apart from the sudden drop in visual acuity of various extent, there are also disturbances of other visual functions, such as contrast sensitivity, visual fields and color vision. Periorbital and retrobulbar pain, worsened by eye movement, and certain pupillar abnormalities are present in almost all patients. Diagnosis is a clinical one, still with additional visual function testing, it is desirable to perform other investigations. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is particulary important in the case of optic neuritis with atypical features which suggests other etiologies. Magnetic resonance imaging has a more significant prognostic than diagnostic value. So far, it has been clearly demonstrated for the best independent risk predictor for later development of multiple sclerosis. In the final research of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial group, after 15 years of follow-up, 72% of patients with abnormal baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging developed multiple sclerosis, while only 25% of those with initial normal findings developed multiple sclerosis. Risk was most pronounced during first five years. Therefore, yearly magnetic resonance examinations are recommended, at least during first five years of follow-up. Other methods and investigations, such as oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid, some serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, even demographic factors or history suggestive of a demyelinating event in the past, showed significant predicition capability of disease progression, individually or in combination with magnetic resonance findings. Since spontaneous recovery is common in typical optic neuritis even without specific therapy, it is not easy to determine who has to be treated and in this area still exist many controversies and the attitudes are not harmonized. The estimated risk helps in the decision. Corticosteroid therapy with high initial intravenous doses showed short-term efficacy in faster recovery of visual functions. However, no long-term benefit in visual recovery, prevention or delay of the multiple sclerosis development has been demonstrated. Relating to that, it should be mentioned that scientific community is increasingly pointing out the neurodegenerative effect that corticosteroids may have. In high risk patients early immunomodulatory treatment should be considered, since it has been shown that in relation to corticosteroids there are longer-term positive effects on relapse and reduced risk of developing multiple sclerosis, although the long-term protective effect on disability development is not proven
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