Análisis de las características del espacio público: el caso de la calle Atahualpa en el Callao

Los espacios públicos deben ser de buena calidad y alto uso (Segovia y Dascal 2000), ademas de ser multifuncional para distintas personas (Borja 2003). Sin embargo, Lima tiene una falencia de espacios públicos en cuanto a cantidad y calidad (Vega Centeno 2016) que se ve reflejada en la baja satisfacción de los ciudadanos con los espacios públicos (Lima Cómo Vamos 2018). Por ello, se opta analizar las características de un espacio público utilizado regularmente por los habitantes, conocido por atraer personas fuera de la zona para conciertos esporádicos que se realizan en la calle, con el propósito de generar información que puede ser utilizada para diseñar y gestionar otros espacios públicos. El caso de estudio seleccionado es el espacio público de la calle Atahualpa, donde la mayoría de sus actividades se centran en la intersección de las calles Atahualpa y Miroquesada, en el distrito de Callao. La investigación es de tipo cualitativo-cuantitativo y utiliza un diseño fenomenológico debido a que se está estudiando el fenómeno del uso recurrente de un espacio público. El análisis de las características atribuidas al espacio público se obtiene de una triangulación de los métodos de observación directa, cuestionarios y entrevistas a profundidad. Se tomó una muestra de siete personas de distintas edades y géneros que son residentes de Atahualpa. Se encuentra que los residentes perciben que dicho espacio público les brinda una sensación de seguridad, identificación, un lugar de encuentro y un diseño atractivo; además, que los conciertos y murales han actuado como una intervención en la zona. En relación a las características encontradas, las más influyentes en el uso del espacio público según los participantes son la seguridad y la identificación con el espacio. En este caso, la seguridad y la identificación mejoran a partir de los conciertos y murales; sin embargo, están fundadas en un sentido de comunidad entre los residentes. A su vez, los residentes fomentan esa sensación de comunidad con los visitantes. En conclusión, las actividades que se realizan en el área de estudio contribuyen a la generación de sensación de seguridad e identificación, y posteriormente esas sensaciones generan que más personas deseen utilizar el espacio público. Si bien el espacio, y sus características, no podría ser replicado en su totalidad ya que perdería su calidad de monumento se puede rescatar que es importante que el espacio público barrial sea representativo de los habitantes del barrio y que las iniciativas de los habitantes sean apoyadas por la respectiva municipalidad para poder asegurar su uso recurrente. El mobiliario, en este caso las bancas y murales que los habitantes gestionan, deben responder a las necesidades y a la identidad de la población. Por medio del fortalecimiento de la seguridad, la imagen que proyectan y la estética se puede lograr incrementar el orgullo y asegurar el uso y cuidado del espacio público.Tesi

The Environmental “Riskscape” and Social Inequality: Implications for Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities

BACKGROUND: Research indicates that the double jeopardy of exposure to environmental hazards combined with place-based stressors is associated with maternal and child health (MCH) disparities. OBJECTIVE AND DISCUSSION: Our aim is to present evidence that individual-level and place-based psychosocial stressors may compromise host resistance such that environmental pollutants would have adverse health effects at relatively lower doses, thus partially explaining MCH disparities, particularly poor birth outcomes. Allostatic load may be a physiologic mechanism behind the moderation of the toxic effect of environmental pollutants by social stressors. We propose a conceptual framework for holistic approaches to future MCH research that elucidates the interplay of psychosocial stressors and environmental hazards in order to better explain drivers of MCH disparities. CONCLUSION: Given the complexity of the link between environmental factors and MCH disparities, a holistic approach to future MCH research that seeks to untangle the double jeopardy of chronic stressors and environmental hazard exposures could help elucidate how the interplay of these factors shapes persistent racial and economic disparities in MCH

Underlying Equity Discourses of the World Health Organization

Background: Globally, increasing attention has been paid to the concept of equity in the context of health, largely stemming from the work of the World Health Organization (WHO) beginning in the late 1970s with the Declaration of Alma-Ata (WHO, 1978) and more recently following the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (CSDH, 2008) and their final report in 2008. Despite increasing attention to this issue, there is global ambiguity on the true definition of “health inequity”, “health inequalities”, or “health disparities” (Braveman, 2006, p. 167; Braveman & Gruskin, 2003). Methods/Design: This original scoping review clarifies how the WHO conceptualizes equity. It also identifies the theoretical underpinnings guiding the WHO’s approach to equity and its broader implications. This protocol followed the PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) (Tricco et al., 2018), with details discussed in the full protocol. Discussion: To date, much of the research on health equity globally has been restricted to chronological discussions over time or specific research fields (Borde & Hernández, 2018, p. 3). Therefore, researching the WHO’s approach to equity in terms of alignment with theory and broader normative standpoint(s) becomes increasingly important in addressing a gap in the literature. In addition, because the definition of equity in the context of health has practical implications for its operationalization (Guerra, Borde, & Salgado De Snyder, 2016), this work seeks to clarify in the concept of equity used by the WHO in hopes of moving towards a shared understanding to bridge action [e.g. in measurement and accountability (Braveman & Gruskin, 2003)]

Photorhabdus Luminescens Phase II Cells Growth Kinetic Study Using A 5L A Plus Sartorius Stedim Biostat® Fermentation System

Photorhabdus luminescens lives symbiotically with the nematode species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. This symbiotic couple may become a bio-control key to replacing chemical pesticides. The nematode is able to infect a wide variety of destructive insects without causing harm to beneficial insect species. There are numerous advantages of biocontrol methods including decreased maintenance and less repeated use than chemical pesticides. Nematodes are also resilient to the environment for reproduction. To better assess the growth characteristics of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, the growth kinetics of the bacterial symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens must be understood. By varying the media composition, optimal conditions were found to present the highest specific growth rate and the shortest doubling time of P. luminescens. These conditions could be scaled into mass production with high yield

Magnitude of income-related disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes

BACKGROUND: To assess and compare multiple measurements of socioeconomic position (SEP) in order to determine the relationship with adverse perinatal outcomes across various contexts. METHODS: A birth registry, the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database, was confidentially linked to income tax and related information for the year in which delivery occurred. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine odds ratios between multiple indicators of SEP and multiple adverse perinatal outcomes in 117734 singleton births between 1988 and 2003. Models for after tax family income were also adjusted for neighborhood deprivation to gauge the relative magnitude of effects related to SEP at both levels. Effects of SEP were stratified by single- versus multiple-parent family composition, and by urban versus rural location of residence. RESULTS: The risk of small for gestational age and spontaneous preterm birth was higher across all the indicators of lower SEP, while risk for large for gestational age was lower across indicators of lower SEP. Higher risk of postneonatal death was demonstrated for several measures of lower SEP. Higher material deprivation in the neighborhood of residence was associated with increased risk for perinatal death, small for gestational age birth, and iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm birth. Family composition and urbanicity were shown to modify the association between income and some perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of understanding the definitions of SEP and the mechanisms that lead to the association between income and poor perinatal outcomes, and broadening the types of SEP measures used in some cases

Probing key informants’ views of health equity within the World Health Organization’s Urban HEART initiative

To date, no studies have assessed how those involved in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) work understand the concept of health equity. To fill the gap, this research poses the question, “how do Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART) key informants understand the concept of health equity?”, with Urban HEART being selected given the focus on health equity. To answer this question, this study undertakes synchronous electronic interviews with key informants to assess how they understand health equity within the context of Urban HEART. Key findings demonstrate that: (i) equity is seen as a core value and inequities were understood to be avoidable, systematic, unnecessary, and unfair; (ii) there was a questionable acceptance of need to act, given that political sensitivity arose around acknowledging inequities as “unnecessary”; (iii) despite this broader understanding of the key aspects of health inequity, the concept of health equity was seen as vague; (iv) the recognized vagueness inherent in the concept of health equity may be due to various factors including country differences; (v) how the terms “health inequity” and “health inequality” were used varied drastically; and (vi) when speaking about equity, a wide range of aspects emerged. Moving forward, it would be important to establish a shared understanding across key terms and seek clarification, prior to any global health initiatives, whether explicitly focused on health equity or not.publishedVersio

Mortality among residents of shelters, rooming houses, and hotels in Canada: 11 year follow-up study

Objective To examine mortality in a representative nationwide sample of homeless and marginally housed people living in shelters, rooming houses, and hotels

Explaining racial and ethnic inequalities in postpartum allostatic load: Results from a multisite study of low to middle income woment

AbstractBackgroundRacial and ethnic inequalities in women's health are widely documented, but not for the postpartum period, and few studies examine whether neighborhood, psychosocial, and biological factors explain these gaps in women's health.MethodsUsing prospective longitudinal data collected from 1766 low to middle income women between 2008 and 2012 by the Community Child Health Network (CCHN), we tested the extent to which adjustment for neighborhood, economic, psychological, and medical conditions following a birth explained differences between African American, Latina, and White women in an indicator of physiological dysregulation allostatic load (AL), at one year postpartum as measured by 10 biomarkers: Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, Hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein and cholesterol ratio, and diurnal cortisol.ResultsMean postpartum AL scores were 4.65 for African American, 4.57 for Latina and 3.86 for White women. Unadjusted regression estimates for high AL for African American women (with White as the reference) were 0.80 (SD = 0.11) and 0.53 (SD = 0.15) for Latina women. Adjustment for household poverty, neighborhood, stress, and resilience variables resulted in a reduction of 36% of the excess risk in high AL for African Americans versus Whites and 42% of the excess risk for Latinas compared to Whites.ConclusionsRacial and ethnic inequalities in AL were accounted for largely by household poverty with additional contributions by psychological, economic, neighbourhood and medical variables. There remained a significant inequality between African American, and Latina women as compared to Whites even after adjustment for this set of variables. Future research into health inequalities among women should include a fuller consideration of the social determinants of health including employment, housing and prepregnancy medical conditions