Décentralisation des politiques éducatives en Côte d’Ivoire : Les effets structurants des motivations politiques sur les résultats de l’action publique locale

La décentralisation est apparue vers les années 80 en Côte d’Ivoire au moment de la diminution des ressources de l’État et des restrictions budgétaires imposées par le FMI. Au nombre des solutions envisagées pour juguler la conjoncture économique, il a été envisagé le transfert d’importantes prérogatives de l’Etat central vers les collectivités territoriales parmi lesquelles figurent le service public de l’enseignement. Si la décentralisation des politiques éducatives a été conçue à l’origine pour contribuer à l’efficacité de l’action publique en la rapprochant du citoyen, ses résultats semblent de plus en plus mitigés. Pour rendre compte de l’inefficacité du processus, la crise économique a été majoritairement mobilisée comme principal facteur explicatif. Bien que n’éludant pas la pertinence et la valeur heuristique de cet argument, ce travail s’intéresse quant à lui aux logiques propres des acteurs, piste qui semble n’avoir pas été suffisamment explorée. En d’autres termes, l’étude soutient que les politiques éducatives locales sont inefficaces parce qu’elles sont structurées par les intérêts matériels et positionnels des décideurs liés aux enjeux électoraux. The decentralization emerged in the 1980s in Côte d’Ivoire at a time of declining state resources and budgetary restrictions imposed by the IMF. Among the solutions envisaged to curb the economic situation, the transfer of important prerogatives from the central state to local authorities, including the public education service, was envisaged. Although the decentralisation of education policies was originally designed to contribute to the effectiveness of public action by bringing it closer to the citizen, its results seem increasingly mixed. To account for the inefficiency of the process, the economic crisis has been mobilized as the main explanatory factor. While not evading the relevance and the heuristic value of this argument, this work focuses on the actors' own logics, an avenue that seems to have been insufficiently explored. In other words, the study argues that local education policies are ineffective because they are structured by the material and positional interests of decisionmakers linked to electoral issues

Strategic and implementation issues regarding ECB Monetary Policy

This paper identifies the impact of the most important ECB’s non-standard monetary policy measures in the euro area. The global recession has been reflected in the slowdown of the U.S. economy and the largest economies of Europe and Asia. The 2008 and 2014 financial crisis hit the European financial system, whereas during 2010 and early 2011 Eurozone faced the hardest time in the so-called debt crisis coupled with a drop in market confidence. Financial markets faced some problems of solvency of countries with higher debt and fiscal deficits, such as the sovereign debt crisis bubbles in Spain and Italy. The European Central Bank reacted by imposing strategic and technical measures to fuel the banks' liquidity needs, to fight a risky credit crisis and to restore investor’s confidence within a heterogeneous Eurozone countries environment. The ECB implemented the unconventional measures, which aimed at lowering and flattening the yield curve by reducing the interest rate level and shrinking the gap between long- and short-term interest rates. The study can be applied to improve the monetary policy measures and reduce risks in the financial sector. The questions, which need to be addressed, relate to whether unconventional monetary policy works and what are the challenges in the long run

Land-Use in African Rangelands: A Study of Change in Bay Region, Somalia

Rangelands In Bay region are used for three main economic activities: livestock grazing, dry-farming and wood collection. Livestock grazing is practised by about 99 per cent of households in the area, and this percentage not only shows that grazing practices are common among the local inhabitants, but that they are controlled by individual households. This implies that herd management techniques (for example, herd size and structure, and livestock movements and sales) are directly related to grazing methods, herd composition and the socio-economic obligations of the pastoral society, rather than to the environmental maintenance of pasturelands. The reason is that pasturelands are communally owned, whilst animals are individually owned. Thus, rangeland resources have come under increasing grazing pressure, owing to the increase in the numbers of livestock, as well as to the changes in herd structure from a reliance on camels and smallstock to a reliance on cattle. Dry-farming is another form of land-use in Bay region. This land-use activity is common too, as about 93 per cent of the pastoral households are agro-pastoralists. Nevertheless, dry-farming lands occupy only about 11% of the region's land. This is not only due to the amount of rainfall, and its distribution, but also to the distribution of Vertisols, the most fertile soils in the region. However, there has been an increase in the area of dry-farming lands in recent years, although this farming is still largely unaffected by modern farming techniques, and weeds infestation. insect and bird damage and other crop problems are common in the region. Wood collection is the third land-use type, being in those range areas covered with woody plants. There is no clear division between those rangelands used for grazing and those used for wood collection purposes. This is because range plants provide both a substantial supply of forage for livestock, as well as fuelwood and timber for people. Wood collection for household needs is carried out freely by pastoral groups, most of it being collected from the nearest woodlands, whilst timber for household building and fences is often gathered from woodlots further afield. Charcoal production is another form of wood collection in Bay region. In fact, the region is one of the major suppliers of charcoal to the consumer centre in Mogadishu. There has been an increase in recent years in the amount of charcoal produced and exported from Bay region and surrounding areas to Mogadishu. A total of 41 selected ecological and socio-economic factors, relating to land-use changes, have been perceived to have changed over the past 20 years in Bay region. It would seem that these land-use changes are more likely to be as a result of increasing human pressures on the rangeland resources in terms of overgrazing, overcultivation and overcutting of woody vegetation, rather than of changing environmental factors such as rainfall. Such pressures have resulted from various factors, such as the communal use of pasturelands and woodlands: the growth of commercial pastoralism; the scale of pastoral development; and the growth of unplanned pastoral settlements. As such. an optimal interplay, between the rangeland potentials and land-use activities. plays a prominent role in the sound management of unreliable range resources

Initial Structural Subsidence as Reflected in Morrowan and Atokan (Pennsylvanian) Subsurface Stratigraphy, Northern Arkoma Basin, North-Central Arkansas

The Arkoma Basin is a carboniferous foreland basin that is known for its prolific gas production. The objective of this research is to study the initial subsidence of the basin by analyzing the strati-graphic and structural features of the study area. This was accomplished through IHS Petra, Surf-er 13, and Win-Tensor software. Field work studies comprised a large part of this study. Also, a seismic profile and Google earth elevation profiles are among the methods used to study the initial subsidence of the Arkoma Basin. The study area within the basin represents a transitional zone from the shelf into the northern portion of the basin. The defining formations in this project are of Morrowan and Atokan age. Within the vicinity of the Arkoma Basin in north-central Arkansas, the stratigraphic analysis confirms a continuous thickening of the Middle Atoka interval south of the study area toward the Ouachita thrust belt, determined through utilizing raster well logs. Furthermore, system tracts were defined for each formation in this study, giving a general overview of the change in sea-level associated with the process of subsidence of the basin. Structural analysis presents distinctive features that dominated the study area. Both the Mulberry and Clarksville master faults are east-west trending normal faults. These master faults are considered to be growth syn-depositional faults, which are the main evidence for tectonic sub-sidence of the basin. Additionally, the area shows a graben feature named Bullfrog Graben that is considered significant evidence for the local flexure loading of the Arkoma basin

Impact of Social Media Storytelling on Moroccan Consumer Behavior

This article explores the impact of social media storytelling on the behavioral patterns of Moroccan consumers, through four key hypotheses related to purchase intention and its drivers. This study makes the claim that social media storytelling, emotional appeal, usage frequency and alignment with normative beliefs jointly impact the purchase intention of Moroccan consumers. A representative sample of 300 Moroccan participants was given the opportunity to fill out a survey comprising 20 questions. After that, a thorough analysis using SPSS software was conducted on the obtained dataset. The empirical findings show strong evidence of the influence that social media storytelling has on Moroccan consumer behavior, validating all four assumptions. In summary, this study underscores the critical function of social media storytelling in shaping Moroccan consumers’ decision-making, notably in purchases. The findings hold practical relevance for marketers seeking to influence Moroccan consumer behavior and can help them improve their strategies in the Moroccan market

Extraction, Purification and Characterization (A) of Arginine Deiminase Enzyme from a Local Higher Productive Isolation of Enterococcus faecium M1

Arginine deiminase (ADI) enzyme was extracted from Enterococcus faecium M1 isolate and lysozyme was efficient in bacterial cell lyses more than Triton-X100 and Glass beads.ADI was more active in the range of (50-80%) ammonium sulfate saturations. After purification by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography the specific activity of ADI reached to 59.2 U/mg protein with 11.23 folds and 42.93% yield. The purity of enzyme was estimated by Native-PAGE electrophoresis under non denatured conditions. The whole average molecular weight of ADI was 186 KDa, included two non- identical bands on SDS- PAGE, one of them had 52 KDa and the other had40 KDa. By concluding, ADI may contain four polypeptide subunits (tetrarmeric enzyme). Optimum pH for enzyme activity was ranged between (6.5 to 7.5) with maximum activity at pH 7.0 and still active over a wide range of pH values (4.0-10), ADI was more stable at pH level (6.0-7.5) with full remaining activity. By concluding, the maximum activity and stability of ADI in neutral pH encouraged us to use it as anticancer treatment agent and for other applications in human body. Keywords: Arginine deiminase, E. faecium M1, Extraction, Purification, Characterization (A)

Social Network Privacy Models

Privacy is a vital research field for social network (SN) sites (SNS), such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google+, where both the number of users and the number of SN applications are sharply growing. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in user-generated text content, mainly in terms of posts, tweets, reviews, and messages on SN. This increase in textual information introduces many problems related to privacy. Privacy is susceptible to personal behavior due to the shared online data structure of SNS. Therefore, this study will conduct a systematic literature review to identify and discuss the main privacy issues associated with SN, existing privacy models and the limitations and gaps in current research into SN privacy

Build A Secure Healthcare System Based On the Metadata of Patient Information

Building a secure healthcare system based on metadata involves several key steps to ensure that patient information remains confidential and secure. Metadata refers to information about data, such as the time and date of creation, author, and location, rather than the content of the data itself. In this paper, there are many steps that considered when building a secure healthcare system based on metadata: we begin with defining metadata standards: Establishing metadata standards for healthcare data can help ensure consistency and interoperability across different systems. This can include standards for data elements, data formats, and data models. Implement access controls: Access controls should be implemented to restrict access to sensitive patient data. Role-based access control can be used to limit access to specific data based on job responsibilities. Use encryption: Encryption can be used to protect patient data from unauthorized access. Data encryption should be implemented at rest and in transit to protect data at all times. Secure storage: Patient data should be stored securely, including backups and archives. Secure storage can help prevent data loss and unauthorized access. We obtain a perfect time for processing compare with other resources and perfect time for check the metadata  and hyperlink of patient's information

Housework Metaphor for Gambling Public Health Action: An Indigenous Perspective

Housework,thosedutiesdoneathomeorinone’scommunitytokeepandcleanand tidy, is used in this paper as a metaphor for Māori involvement in gambling public health action in New Zealand. For over a decade Māori have been developing their own voice, public health actions, gambling services, research and workforce development initiatives to address gambling related harm at a whānau, community, local government, national and now international level. Involvement in gambling public health action has required Māori to utilise our Treaty of Waitangi and now international indigenous peoples’ rights to ensuring legislation and host responsibility requirements are met at all levels in New Zealand society. Housework which is a demanding task required to be done on a regular basis Māori have found never ends. To address this situation Māori have moved their focus to those organisations which have duty of care responsibilities defined under the Gambling Act 2003 and local government responsbilities to involve them in housework duties. By working together, Māori have assumed this will assist in reducing gambling related harm. Efforts made by Māori have been shared at our first interna- tional indigenous gambling conference held in New Zealand to warn our local Pacific nation neighbours of the risks associated with expansion of gambling