To what extent do infrastructure and financial sectors reforms interplay? Evidence from panel data on the power sector in developing countries

The main goal of this study is to demonstrate the existence of a significant empirical link between infrastructure and financial sectors reforms the effects of which are reflected in infrastructure sectors performance. This paper reports on the findings of an exploration of this issue for the case of the power sector in developing countries. We estimate the impact of the four main components of the power sector reform in these countries, namely, the creation of an independent regulatory agency, the unbundling of generation, transmission, and distribution, the introduction of competition and the implementation of privatization programs in the generation and distribution segments, on some of this sector’s performance outcomes, and attempt to assess the contribution of the domestic financial systems’ reforms to these outcomes. In a dataset on 42 developing countries covering the 1990-2005 period, we find that private participation in generation and distribution has significantly improved power supply as reflected in higher electricity generation per capita and technical and labor efficiency in the distribution segment. The unbundling of generation, transmission, and distribution has contributed to improving productive efficiency through a better use of the labor factor in the distribution segment. We find that the creation of a separate regulatory agency has boosted the generation segment in terms of both capacity and sales and has generated better incentives for a more efficient use of labor input in the distribution segment. We also find that regulatory experience has significantly contributed to improving access to electricity. The results suggest that while the power sector, in particular, its generation segment, has significantly benefited from the introduction of independent regulation, the beneficial effects of (good) regulatory practices have been exacerbated by the modernization of the financial systems. More specifically, improved financial systems have eased access to capital for operators allowing them to upgrade their networks and decrease power losses in distribution. The overall results obtained in this paper strongly recommend that along with reforming the power sector, policy makers in developing countries should implement the financial reforms that would deepen their domestic financial systems thus allowing them to recover the full benefits of these systems’ positive externalities on the performance of the sector.Developing countries, electricity industry performance, privatization, regulation, unbundling, competition, financial sector development

HELPING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUNSELOR AND CLIENT (STRUCTURING, TRANSFERANCE, COUNTERTRANFERENCE)

Human relationships have very many elements of aid. This is very much needed because of various conditions such as experiencing dilemmas, disputes, and crises felt by individuals who need immediate help. The success of counseling is largely determined by the effectiveness of a counselor in using various techniques to help individuals who have problems. Therefore, a counselor should be able to explore and apply various techniques in creating a relationship between the counselor and his client

ANALISIS PENGARUH E-COMMERCE TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN (Studi kasus pada pengunjung Hotel Sukabumi Indah yang menggunakan Reservasi Online)

Internet development has rapidly increased in Indonesia from year to year. It has been finally a new trend society that has been more e-commerce user. The total e-commerce user that has been more e-commerce user. The total e-commerce user that increases has become an opportunity as a promosing business and has used to market in the Trade and service Company. E-commerce user has increased but it has not been all ecommerce user satisfy with transaction that has been done through e-commerce. One of them is unappropriated customer hope of e-commerce user. The case study in this research is on the visitors in Hotel Sukabumi indah using online reservation. The research aims to know the influence of e-commerce toward customer satisfaction by four dimensions, there is : Communication, Business, Service, and Online toward customer satisfaction to visitor of Hotel Sukabumi Indah which uses online reservation. The research applied 83 sample respondents, there was : visitor of Hotel Sukabumi Indah who applied online reservation. Analysis technique applied path analysis. Based on research result, it is found direct influence X1 toward Y as much as 4.1% meanwhile indirect influence through X2 as much as -0.1%, indirect influence throught X3 as much as -1.3%, indirect influence throught X4 as much as -3.1%. Direct influence X2 toward Y as much as 1.2%, meanwhile indirect influence through X3 as much as 0.3%, indirect influence throught X4 as much as 0.8%. Direct influence X3 toward Y as much as 1.1%, meanwhile indirect influence throught X4 as much as 0.8% direct influence X4 toward Y as as much as 5.4%. it can be concluded that is no influence dimension toward customer satisfaction

PENGGUNAAN BAHAN AJAR IPA DENGAN MEDIA KOMIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SIKAP PEDULI LINGKUNGAN

This reseach is a reseach development or research and development (R&D) and use the development of Borg and Gall which is done in ninw steps, namely : potential problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revisions, initial product revision, final product trial, final product revision. Data collection techniques in this study used obsevation interviews and questionnaires. Data obtained from questionnaires were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively. From the validation result obtained from various experts, it can be concluded that the teaching materials developed by researchers have met the required srandards and the are suitable for use. The result showed the validation of the material experts obtained 82 %, 90.66 % of media experts, and 89.33 % of education practitioners, validation and response of students on small- scale trials obtained 79 % and on the large scale obtained 80%. This shows that comic media are very appropriarte to be used as teaching material. Before using science teaching materials with comic media, students eniviromental care attitudes were 65.71 % in medium qualifications. And the result of obsevations after using science teacing materials with comic media are 85 % in very high qualifications. This shows there is an increase in the attitude of caring for the environment for 19 %. This research conclusion uses comic media which can be developed in other studies. And can improve environmental attitudes of students in class VII SMP N Tegal City 2019/2020. Keywords : Usage, Teaching Materials, Comic, Environmental Car

ANALISIS KEPUTUSAN PETANI DALAM PENGAMBILAN KREDIT SEKTOR PERTANIAN KECAMATAN LAMAKNEN KABUPAEN BELU

This study aims to analyze the decision of farmers in taking credit for farmers.The research model is quantitative using a questionnaire, and the resultscollected from respondents are processed using SPSS 21 software withdiscriminant analysis obtained the difference between the two groups of creditand non-credit farmers. The sample used is a probability sampling technique of125 respondents. This non-metric model is carried out to find out the decisionnot to take credit (0) as many as 55 respondents or 88.7% while as many as 7respondents or 11.1% e group taking credit (1). Meanwhile 52 respondents or82.5% of respondents in the group taking credit (1) and as many as 11respondents or 17.5% of respondents moving to the group not taking credit

Is the level of financial sector development a key determinant of private investment in the power sector ?

This paper seeks to assess the extent to which a country's overall level of development and that of its financial sector, in particular, are factors that attract private capital into infrastructure projects. The authors investigate these effects in a 1990-2007 dataset on the power sector in 37developing countries. The results suggest that economic growth is a key determinant of private investors'investment in infrastructure projects, and that investors tend to take countries’ governance quality into account in their decisions to invest. The empirical results highlight that the development of the financial sector also plays a significant role in private investors'decisions to enter infrastructure sectors. In particular, the degree of country risk and exchange rate volatility is found to be negatively related to the volume of private sector investment in power projects. Furthermore, when the banking sector and the capital market are separately treated in the analysis, the existence of a well functioning capital market is the main attracting factor. In addition, the existence of an independent energy regulatory authority significantly improves the level of private investors'implication in energy projects. When accounting for the interactions between the overall economic development and the financial sector development variables, the effects of these variables are still significant and the results also confirm the importance of an independent energy sector regulator.Emerging Markets,Debt Markets,Economic Theory&Research,Access to Finance,Private Participation in Infrastructure

UPAYA PENGEMBANGAN KREATIVITAS PESERTA DIDIK MELALUI KEGIATAN EKTRAKURIKULER KARYA ILMIAH DI SMAN 21 SURABAYA

Kegiatan ektrakurikuler adalah salah satu layanan sekolah yang diatur dalam manajemen peserta didik, yang dilaksanakan di luar jam belajar kurikulum standar yang berorientasi pada pengembangan pribadi peserta didik sesuai dengan minat bakatnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis: (1) Strategi kegiatan ektrakurikuler Karya Ilmiah Remaja (KIR) yang meliputi; a) Rapat rencana kegiatan ektrakurikuler Karya Ilmiah Remaja (KIR); b) Kerjasama dengan alumni dalam kegiatan ektrakurikuler KIR; (2) Pembinaan kegiatan ektrakurikuler KIR dalam upaya pengembangan kreativitas peserta didik di SMAN 21 Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif dan rancangan penelitian studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan melakukan kondensasi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi data. Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan kredibilitas, dependabilitas, transferabilitas, dan konfirmabilitas.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1a) Rapat rencana kegiatan ektrakurikuler Karya Ilmiah Remaja (KIR) di SMAN 21 Surabaya meliputi rencana strategi kegiatan dan rencana operasional kegiatan ektrakurikuler Karya Ilmiah Remaja (KIR); 1b) Kerjasama dengan alumni meliputi partsipasi fisik maupun mental baik sebagai motivator, informan, maupun pembimbing peserta didik di bidang karya ilmiah; 2) Pembinaan kegiatan ektrakurikuler KIR di SMAN 21 Surabaya dilaksanakan seminggu sekali dengan menggunakan formt kelompok serta metode ceramah, diskusi, tanya jawab, dan observasi lapangan. Secara umum rencana kegiatan, peran serta alumni, dan pembinaan kegiatan ektrakurikuler Karya Ilmiah Remaja (KIR) dapat mengembangkan kreativitas peserta didik dalam aspek kognitif, afektif, dan motoriknya

PENGETAHUAN AKSEPTOR KONTRASEPSI ALAMIAH TENTANG MASA SUBUR DI RT 05 RW II DESA SRUNI, GEDANGAN-SIDOARJO

Kontrasepsi alamiah merupakan alternatif yang diambil oleh pasangan usia subur yang tidak ingin menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal atau alat kontrasepsi lainnya. Akseptor kontrasepsi alamiah harus mampu menentukan masa suburnya sendiri. Kenyataannya masih banyak pengguna kontrasepsi alamiah tidak memahami tentang masa subur dan cara menentukannya. Hal ini mengakibatkan kegagalan kontrasepsi, sehingga menyebabkan kehamilan tidak diiinginkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan akseptor kontrasepsi alamiah di RT 05 RW II Desa Sruni, Gedangan Sidoarjo. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif, dengan populasi semua pengguna kontrasepsi alamiah yang tinggal di RT 05 RW II Desa Sruni, Gedangan Sidoarjo sebesar 20 orang. Besar sampel sebanyak 20 responden diambil dengan teknik non probability sampling jenis total sampling. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang masa subur, dan pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 20 responden didapatkan sebanyak 45% memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang, 30% memiliki pengetahuan cukup, dan sisanya 25% memiliki pengetahuan baik. Simpulkan dari penelitian ini adalah hampir setengah dari ibu pengguna kontrasepsi alamiah memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang. Diharapkanibu lebih aktif mengikuti penyuluhan dan mencari informasi tentang masa subur guna meningkatkan pengetahuannya. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan diharapkan melakukan evaluasi mengenai cara penggunaan kontrasepsi alamiah

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI GURU DALAM MENYUSUN RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN (RPP) MELALUI BIMBINGAN BERKELANJUTAN DI SMK NEGERI 1 RAMBAH

Belum maksimalnya guru dalam membuat Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP). Sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru dalam menyusun Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) melalui bimbingan berkelanjutan di SMK Negeri 1 Rambah, Rokan Hulu. Penelitian ini dapat diselesaikan dalam 2 siklus. Hasil penelitian dari sebelas komponen Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) yakni: 1) identitas mata pelajaran, 2) kompetensi inti, 3) kompetensi dasar, 4) indikator pencapaian kompetensi, 5) tujuan pembelajaran, 6) materi ajar, 7) alokasi waktu, 8) metode pembelajaran, 9) langkah-langkah kegiatan pembelajaran, 10) sumber belajar, 11) penilaiaan hasil belajar (soal, pedoman penskoran, dan kunci jawaban) menunjukkan telah terjadi peningkatan peningkatan kompetensi guru dalam menyusun Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) dari siklus ke siklus. Pada siklus I nilai rata-rata adalah 84,55%, dan pada siklus II 93,27%. Jadi, terjadi peningkatan 8,72% dari siklus I. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kompetensi guru dalam menyusun Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) melalui Bimbingan Berkelanjutan di SMK Negeri 1 Rambah dapat meningkat. Selain itu, Bimbingan Berkelanjutan dapat memberikan motivasi guru dalam menyusun Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) dengan lengkap