Behavior of the Embedded Phase in a Shock-Driven Two-Phase Flow

This thesis presents an experimental study of droplet acceleration in a shock-driven two-phase flow. The study serves to identify the characteristics of the boundary layer growth behind a normal moving shock wave in a shock tunnel. Liquid propylene glycol droplets are pre-mixed with air, and slowly injected into the test section of the shock tunnel. Two test sections are evaluated during the course of this study. Each test section is constructed of square, transparent polycarbonate with internal cross section of 7.62 cm. The first test section contains features on the upper and lower surfaces of the test section, consistent with the holes used for the injection system during earlier Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability studies. The second test section has no surface features interfering with the flow, with smooth interfaces. The quiescent air seeded with propylene glycol droplets (diameter 0.5-3um) is impulsively accelerated with a planar shock wave. A cross-section of the flow is illuminated with multiple pulses from Nd:YAG lasers, producing time-resolved visualizations of the seeded volume. The illuminated images are analyzed to quantify droplet velocity and vorticity from time of shock passage to 400us after shock. Velocity of the shock wave varies between Mach number 1.67 and 2.0. Based on Particle Image Velocimetry interrogation and analysis, a comparison is made between the velocity and vorticity fields in these two test sections

Program Evaluation of an Easy Access Clinic for Effective Contraception for U.S. Active Duty Women in Okinawa, Japan

Background: Unintended pregnancy in the United States (U.S.) is a significant health problem that takes on additional magnitude in the context of military service. Young, active duty women have higher unintended pregnancy rates compared to the general population, secondary to non-use of contraception or selection and use of the least effective methods (condoms and oral contraceptive pills). The literature validates the problem, identifies access barriers to highest-efficacy contraception options in primary care settings, and offers evidence-based, best practice opportunities to impact this public health challenge. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to evaluate access, utilization, effectiveness, and patient satisfaction of the newly-implemented Walk-in Sexual Health (WiSH) clinic for contraception services delivery at a military health clinic in Okinawa, Japan. Methods: The widely-used RE-AIM (Reach-Effectiveness-Adoption-Implementation-Maintenance) framework was employed to analyze the impacts of this health promotion initiative in the community. Data were collected to determine access to contraceptive clinic services, changes in high risk (age 18-24) female population use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), and baseline patient satisfaction, comparing 12-month periods, pre- and post-WiSH clinic implementation. Results: LARC utilization increased among all demographic groups (women, age 18-53), but most substantially among populations of interest, namely high risk (18-24 years of age) active duty and non-active duty women. Patients reported very high baseline satisfaction with the clinic’s services. Conclusion: The WiSH clinic eliminated known barriers to the most effective contraception options (LARC) and demonstrated its acceptance, utilization, and value in the community, according to the RE-AIM domains for health promotion

Urban park networks in small cities

Urban parks have existed for hundreds of years, providing people in cities with a means of escape from their busy lives. Urban parks bring economic, ecological, and social benefits to the city, and can act as a catalyst for rejuvenating a neighborhood. When coupled with other parks in close proximity, urban parks begin to create a network that brings these benefits to the entire city; however, most urban parks are often isolated, limiting the impact of their benefits. The question becomes how to place urban parks in a city to bring the benefits they provide to the population that needs them most. This research examines the components of urban park networks, factoring economic, ecological, and social benefits; through a spatial lens using the spatial logic approach to park planning in a city, a methodology presented in Dr. Emily Talen’s paper “The Spatial Logic of Parks.” While this methodology uses descriptive methods of evaluating a city for park placement and planning based on social need, it does not take into consideration social desire – society’s desire for urban parks in their community. The intention of this research was to discover if the use of a public opinion survey on the existing parks in South Bend, Indiana can be harnessed as a next step to the spatial logic approach, and provide a means of prioritizing the results based on social desire. Using Talen’s methodology, survey data, and the GIS analysis technique of multicriteria evaluation on South Bend, Indiana, the conclusion of this thesis defines a set of guidelines using greatest need and social desire to make parks and their benefits available to the maximum number of residents in a city.Thesis (M.L.A.)Department of Landscape Architectur

Peer Reinforcement for Social Work Training: An Evaluation

Techniques for peer reinforcement of social work training programs appear to be a promising complement to educational supervision. The authors conducted a quasi-experimental evaluation of its effectiveness for reinforcement of learning, of interviewing skills. Subjects were income maintenance workers in a large state public welfare agency. Findings indicated that peer reinforcement may have resulted in knowledge retention and use of skills which were superior overall to those demonstrated among trainees denied access to peer reinforcement techniques. Interpretation of findings and productive areas for future research are suggested

Geochemistry of Mafic Enclaves and Host Granitoids from the Chilliwack Batholith, Washington: Chemical Exchange Processes between Coexisting Mafic and Felsic Magmas and Implications for the Interpretation of Enclave Chemical Traits

Mafic enclaves from three plutons in the Chilliwack batholith have been compared with contemporaneous mafic stocks in order to determine (1) the processes by which mafic and felsic magmas hybridize in the plutonic environment and (2) whether analysis of early-formed enclave minerals, particularly apatite, can provide a means of seeing through hybridization effects and deciphering the original trace element characteristics of enclave magmas. Whole rock and mineral chemistry data reveal a two-stage history of enclave hybridization. Stage 1, a diffusive exchange of trace elements between coexisting liquids, produced enclaves with distinctive concave-upward rare earth element patterns that parallel those of the host granitoids but had minimal impact on the major elements, whose transfer is rate limited by the slow diffusion of Si. This stage probably occurred at a mafic-felsic interface in a stratified magmatic system. Stage 2, a partial reequilibration of enclave minerals with a differentiated and hybridized interstitial melt, occurred after the enclaves were entrained in the host and partially crystallized. This process caused enclave and host minerals (amphibole, biotite, apatite) from each pluton to have similar major oxide chemistries but did not reequilibrate the trace elements. As a result of these hybridization processes, even early-formed apatite crystals do not preserve information about the original trace element characteristics of enclave magmas in this case. However, the results of this study illustrate the potential of using enclave chemistry to constrain the nature and timing of mafic magma inputs into felsic magma bodies

Experimental determination of coexisting iron–titanium oxides in the systems FeTiAlO, FeTiAlMgO, FeTiAlMnO, and FeTiAlMgMnO at 800 and 900°C, 1–4 kbar, and relatively high oxygen fugacity

A synthetic, low-melting rhyolite composition containing TiO2 and iron oxide, with further separate additions of MgO, MnO, and MgO + MnO, was used in hydrothermal experiments to crystallize Ilm-Hem and Usp-Mt solid solutions at 800 and 900°C under redox conditions slightly below nickel–nickel oxide (NNO) to $$\approx 3\,\log_{10} f_{{{\text{O}}_{2}}}$$ units above the NNO oxygen buffer. These experiments provide calibration of the FeTi-oxide thermometer + oxygen barometer at conditions of temperature and oxygen fugacity poorly covered by previous equilibrium experiments. Isotherms for our data in Roozeboom diagrams of projected %usp vs. %ilm show a change in slope at ≈ 60% ilm, consistent with the second-order transition from FeTi-ordered Ilm to FeTi-disordered Ilm-Hem. This feature of the system accounts for some, but not all, of the differences from earlier thermodynamic calibrations of the thermobarometer. In rhyolite containing 1.0 wt.% MgO, 0.8 wt.% MnO, or MgO + MnO, Usp-Mt crystallized with up to 14% of aluminate components, and Ilm-Hem crystallized with up to 13% geikielite component and 17% pyrophanite component. Relative to the FeTiAlO system, these components displace the ferrite components in Usp-Mt, and the hematite component in Ilm-Hem. As a result, projected contents of ulvöspinel and ilmenite are increased. These changes are attributed to increased non-ideality along joins from end-member hematite and magnetite to their respective Mg- and Mn-bearing titanate and aluminate end-members. The compositional shifts are most pronounced in Ilm-Hem in the range Ilm50–80, a solvus region where the chemical potentials of the hematite and ilmenite components are nearly independent of composition. The solvus gap widens with addition of Mg and even further with Mn. The Bacon–Hirschmann correlation of Mg/Mn in Usp-Mt and coexisting Ilm-Hem is displaced toward increasing Mg/Mn in ilmenite with passage from ordered ilmenite to disordered hematite. Orthopyroxene and biotite crystallized in experiments with added MgO and MgO + MnO; their X Fe varies with $$\log_{10} f_{{{\text{O}}_{2}}}$$ and T consistent with equilibria among ferrosilite, annite, and ferrite components, and the chemical potentials of SiO2 and orthoclase in the liquid. Experimental equilibration rates increased in the order: Opx < Bt < Ilm-Hem < Usp-Mag