A Step on Developing Network Monitoring Tools

Network Monitoring involves Using Software or hardware based Systems or a combination of both to constantly observe the status of network devices and hosts, and notifies the network administrator via email, SMS or other alarms in case of error or fail. Observing the status of network device and hosts is done when the Monitoring System speaks with the networking devices or hosts using different protocols within the protocols stack (OSI Layer) ,see Figure1.The aim of this paper is to provide a footstep on developing a network monitoring tool for monitoring network devices and hosts. This is a software based Network Monitoring tool using a combination of Simple network Monitoring Protocol (SNMP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Port scanning concept. Key words: SNMP Manager, MIB, SNMP Agent, ICMP, Port Scanning, DNS, DHCP, SMTP, HTTP, Service;

A monitoring system for transboundary foot and mouth disease considering livestock keepers demographic characteristics

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information and Communication Science and Engineering of the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologyFoot and Mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary disease caused by a virus that affects domestic and wild cloven-hooved animals such as sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalos. FMD is transmitted from one animal to another through direct or indirect contact. Apart from other animal diseases, FMD has been given great attention due to its unique behaviour, such as being potentially dangerous, rapidly spreading disease, and it has no cure. Therefore, immediate information flow among livestock stakeholders could help to mitigate FMD. Realizing the importance of animal disease surveillance, many agencies developed systems for monitoring animal health (fast disease reporting and response). The challenge is that they were developed using advanced technologies like web-based and android, requiring skills, internet connectivity, computers, and smartphones to access them. However, most livestock keepers lack these facilities, especially in developing countries. In that case, they deny access to livestock keepers positioned at the grass-root of animals’ disease reporting chain since illnesses always begin with their animals. Therefore, their lack of participation in reporting or receiving animal disease information through the electronic-based animal disease surveillance system causes a delay in identifying and reporting disease cases and provides insufficient information for controlling contiguous diseases like FMD, which require more precautionary measures through timely information sharing. This study aims to bridge the gap between livestock keepers and top-level stakeholders by developing an animal diseases surveillance system named “Monitoring System for Transboundary Foot and Mouth Disease Considering Livestock Keepers Demographic Characteristics (AMoS4T- FMD)”. The system provides a standard platform for sharing FMD-related information between top- level stakeholders and livestock keepers in time using various mobile technologies based on their demographic characteristics. Gairo district in the Morogoro region was selected as a study area. Therefore, the surveillance system was developed and tested in Gairo district settings. However, it has flexible settings to work elsewhere. In Gairo, livestock keepers’ mobile phone usage and demographic data were collected to determine the appropriate mobile technologies to communicate animal disease surveillance information among themselves and top-level stakeholders through AMoS4T-FMD. After that, an algorithm (FMD communication algorithm) which enables livestock keepers to communicate with AMoS4T-FMD using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), Short Message Service (SMS) and Robot calls (Robocalls) based on their demographic data was developed. Also, a Model for predicting and alerting FMD outbreaks in the Gairo district using an Agent-Based Simulation modelling technique was developed. Lastly, the FMD communication algorithm and the Agent- ii Based Simulation model were combined into the software using the waterfall model for system development. Finally, the system was tested using verification and validation techniques

Towards an Integrated Mobile Technology on Animal Disease Surveillance Framework in Tanzania: A Systematic Review

Tanzanian Government, through its national audit office in March 2020, reported the prevalence decline of two animal diseases, namely; Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Similarly, an increase in three animal diseases, which are African Swine Fever (ASV), Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP), and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). The national audit office mentioned inadequate animal disease surveillance system in the country was among the challenges that hinder diseases control. Therefore, this study reviews the existing animal diseases surveillance systems global and suggests measures to enhance animal diseases surveillance systems in Tanzania. This review focuses on the possibility of sharing surveillance data among livestock stakeholders (including livestock keepers) in Tanzania, considering available resources such as animal diseases existing prediction models and mobile-based surveillance systems. Also, the availability of mobile technologies such as Short Message Service (SMS), Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) and automatic voice calls (Robocalls). Reviews synthesize the previous studies to explore strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and challenges for better future interventions through proper and timely information sharing. This study selected 46 records from the 147 identified for review. The selected records include 24 from bibliographic databases, 14 from full-text journals and other non-bibliographic databases, and 8 from the open search on websitesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Assessment of the Off-season Rainfall of January to February 2020 and Its Socio Economic Implications in Tanzania: A Case Study of the Northern Coast of Tanzania

This article examines the off season rainfall in northern coast Tanzania (NCT) including Zanzibar which occurred in January and February 2020 (JF). Like the JF rainfalls of 2001, 2004, 2010, 2016 and 2018, the JF (2020) rainfall was more unique in damages including loss of lives, properties and infrastructures. The study used the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to examine the cause of uniqueness of JF rainfall in 2001, 2004, 2010, 2016, 2018 and 2020 over NCT and Zanzibar. These datasets include monthly mean u, v wind at 850, 700, 500, and 200 mb; SSTs, mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies, Dipole Mode Index (DMI), and monthly rainfall from NCT and Zanzibar stations. Datasets were processed and calculated into long term, seasonal, and monthly averages, indeed, Precipitation Index (PI) was calculated. Correlation analysis between the rainfall (December to January), SST, DMI and 850 mb wind vectors; and long-term percentage contribution of investigated parameters was calculated. Results revealed significant positive and negative correlations between JF rainfall, SSTs and DMI. Moreover, JFs of 2004 and 2016 had higher rainfalls of 443 mm with percentage contribution of up to 406%, while January and February, 2020 had the highest of 269.1 and 101.1mm in Zanzibar and 295 and 146.1 mm over and NCT areas, with highest January long-term rainfall contribution of 356% in Zanzibar and 526% over NCT. The DJF (2019/20) had the highest rainfall record of 649.5 mm in Zanzibar contributing up to 286%, while JF 2000 rainfall had a good spatial and temporal distribution over most NCT areas. JF, 2020 rainfall had impacts of more than 20 people died in Lindi and several infrastructures including Kiyegeya Bridge in Morogoro were damaged. Conclusively, more research works on understanding the dynamics of wet and dry JF seasons should be conducted

A Monitoring System for Transboundary Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) considering the Demographic Characteristics in Gairo, Tanzania

A research article was submitted to Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Researchn Volume: 11 | Issue: 4 | August 2021Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is present in many countries, including Tanzania. Gairo is among the districts that frequently face FMD. This study found that the current mechanism for communicating FMD in Gairo district suffers from a long chain of information flow that causes delay and insufficient information for FMD control. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the implementation of an information system named "Monitoring System for Transboundary Foot and Mouth Disease," developed purposely to provide a standard platform for communicating FMD between livestock keepers and other stakeholders in the district. The system enables timely sharing of FMD events such as outbreaks, precaution measures, clinical signs, and negative impacts using Short Message Services (SMS), Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), and Voice Calls (robo-calls) through the mobile phones. Also, livestock keepers may report FMD outbreaks direct to the system using feature phones. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data and Microsoft Visio was used for drawing the system architecture and information flow diagram. Finally, the system was implemented using PHP hypertext processor, JQuery, HTML, JSON, JavaScript, MySQL, and Apache webserver

Use of Climate Information in Malaria Stratification/Early Warning Systems/Impact Assessment for Malaria Interventions

A report on the training workshop and stakeholder meeting hosted by the Tanzania Meteorological Agency in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania October 16th-18th 2013

Conservation and economic benefits of a road around the Serengeti

No abstract available

Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Greater Horn of Africa region from 1961 to 2010

Recent special reports on climate extremes have shown evidences of changes in the patterns of climate extremes at global, regional and local scales. Understanding the characteristics of climate extremes at regional and local levels is critical not only for the development of preparedness and early warning systems, but is also fundamental in the development of any adaptation strategies. There is still very limited knowledge regarding the past, present and future patterns of climate extremes in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA). This study, which was supported by the World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (WB-GFDRR) and implemented by the World Meteorological Organization, was organized in terms of three workshops with three main objectives; (1) analysis of daily rainfall and temperature extremes for ten countries in the GHA region using observed in situ data running from 1971 to 2006, (2) assessing whether the United Kingdom Met-office and Hadley centre Providing REgional Climates for Impact Studies (UK-PRECIS) modelling system can provide realistic representation of the past and present climate extremes as observed by available in situ data, and (3) studying the future regional climate extremes under different scenarios to further assess the expected changes in climate extremes.This paper, therefore, uses the outputs of these workshops and also includes post-workshop analyses to assess the changes of climate extremes within the GHA. The results showed a significant decrease in total precipitation in wet days greater than 1mm and increasing warm extremes, particularly at night, while cold extremes are decreasing. Considering a combination of geophysical models and satellite gravimetry observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission in the frame of GRACE daily Kalman-smoothing models, for the years 2002 to 2010, we explored a decline in total water storage variations over the GHA