Para alimentar o mundo: modificações genéticas, (in)segurança alimentar e os riscos para a saúde humana e ambiental

Neste trabalho pretende-se tecer breves reflexões acerca da segurança alimentar face à utilização das chamadas “tecnologias transgênicas” que marcaram a Nova Revolução Verde (a 2º R.V.) desde a década de 1990. No cerne do debate está uma crítica epistemológica aos paradigmas que projetam na relação do humano com a natureza (aqui destacada pela produção de alimentos) ideários de produção, dominação e de livre manipulação do meio-ambiente. Os benefícios emergentes de tais práticas nos discursos econômicos e políticos contrastam com os indícios de riscos à saúde humana ancorados em testes científicos. Mais do que um movimento humanitário de “combate à fome”, as políticas atuais da segurança alimentar vêm se apresentando como resultado prático de uma leitura [cientificista] da realidade tributária de paradigmas fundamentados em outras formas (proto) capitalistas do passado, como o colonialismo/ imperialismo. Para entender este fenômeno de forma ampla, uma crítica epistemológica faz-se imperativa

Tracing crop residue derived nitrogen into subsequent crops and nitrous oxide emissions

Research has demonstrated that including winter wheat with under-sown red clover into corn-soybean rotations has the potential to improve crop yields and N use efficiency. Yet, the mechanisms that explain these benefits are poorly understood. One possible explanation is that the crop rotation ‘diversification’ improves the soil N supply or that the soil N cycle ‘tightens’— thereby lowering potential N losses. To address this hypothesis, an isotope tracing experiment was setup i) to follow the fate of enriched 15N residues into subsequent soil and crop N pools; and ii) to measure N2O and CO2 emissions, and N residue decomposition dynamics. For my field experiment, natural abundance and enriched 15N urea were applied to 1 m2 micro-plots within a 37-yr long-term trial, where I had access to the ‘simple’ corn-corn-soybean-soybean (CCSS, SSCC) rotations; and ‘diverse’ corn--corn-soybean-wheat/red clover (CCSWrc, SWrcCC) rotations. These systems were maintained under conventional tillage or no-till. At harvest, a residue exchange operation was performed to transfer enriched 15N above-ground residues to 15N natural abundance micro-plots, and vise-versa, thus isolating enriched 15N above- and below-ground residue contributions. Subsequent crops were harvested and used to determine above- and below-ground previous year’s residue N contributions. For my soil incubation experiment in the lab, field soil cores were collected from the crop rotation and tillage treatments to establish 50 g soil microcosms that were amended with 15N-enriched corn stover or roots. Soil and gas samples were periodically collected to measure crop residue decomposition dynamics (via CO2 emissions and 15N mineralization) and 15N2O emissions. The field trial demonstrated that crop rotation had no impact on the overall crop residue N allocated to the subsequent crop systems. In contrast, no-till and below-ground residues increased corn residual N contributions to the subsequent crop, relative to conventional tillage and above-ground residues, respectively. Regardless, below-ground residual N pool contributed more N to subsequent crops than above-ground crop residue. The incubation results demonstrated higher residue-derived N mineralization, and greater overall N2O and CO2 emissions from ‘diverse’ vs. ‘simple’ rotations. Overall, my findings indicate that crop ‘diversification’ enhanced soil N stocks likely due to the additional N inputs (N fertilization or N fixation). Although ‘diversifying’ corn-soybean rotations with winter wheat and red clover may produce higher crop yields, it is necessary to adjust for nutrient credits or soil N surplus when applying N inputs year after year. Otherwise, N losses may be a side-effect and should be investigated at field scale

에콰도르 성인의 자연환경 및 생활행태 요인과 대사증후군 간의 연관성

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 보건대학원 보건학과, 2021.8. Hyojee Joung.서론: 2012년 에콰도르 국민건강영양조사에 따르면 20세 이상 성인 10명 중 3명이 대사증후군을 앓고 있다고 보고되었다. 대사증후군은 높은 공복혈당, 고혈압, 고중성지방혈증, 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증, 복부비만이 군집되어 나타나는, 다차원적 복합질환을 의미한다. 대사증후군은 심혈관계 질환이나 제2형 당뇨병과 같은 만성질환을 유발할 수 있다. 연령 (40세 이상), 성 (여성), 흡연, 부적절한 식습관, 운동 부족 등과 같은 여러 생물학적, 행태학적 요인들이 대사증후군의 위험요인으로 알려져 있다. 또한, 고도와 습도 등의 자연환경은 말초 산소포화도와 열 스트레스 수준을 변화시켜 대사질환의 발병에 잠재적으로 영향을 줄 수 있다고 제안된 바 있다. 일부 연구를 통해 비만 유병률 및 발생률, 당뇨병 유병률, 고혈압 유병률과 높은 고도 간에 역연관성이 있는 것으로 관찰되었다. 습도와 대사증후군 간의 연관성에 관한 연구는 매우 드문 실정으로, 상대습도가 높은 지역에 거주하는 노인을 대상으로 수행된 한 연구에서 당뇨병, 중심성 비만, 높은 수축기 혈압과 낮은 신체활동 수준 간의 양의 연관성이 보고되었다. 에콰도르 국민의 식생활과 심혈관계 질환 위험요인에 관한 연구 현황도 비슷한 실정인데, 건강한 인구집단을 기반으로 하는 자료는 소득수준이 높은 지역에서 이루어진 연구들이 대부분으로, 이러한 연구결과를 해석하기에는 아직 논쟁의 여지가 있다. 따라서 에콰도르 국민의 자연환경, 건강 관련 생활행태 요인과 대사증후군 간의 연관성을 연구할 필요가 있다. 목적: 본 연구는 (1) 에콰도르 성인의 자연환경, 건강 관련 생활행태 요인, 탄수화물 및 지방 섭취수준의 역학적 특성을 확인하고, (2) 이러한 요인들과 대사증후군 및 그 위험요인 간의 상호작용에 의한 연관성을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구는 다음과 같이 세 가지의 하위 연구로 구성되었다. 첫 번째 연구에서는 에콰도르의 국가 단위 조사자료를 이용하여 20세 이상의 에콰도르 성인에게서 나타나는 거주지역의 고도, 건강 관련 생활행태 요인, 대사증후군 유병률 간의 연관성을 분석하고자 했다. 두 번째 연구에서는 국가 기상 데이터를 통해 에콰도르의 기후 조건을 추정하고 에콰도르 성인의 생활행태와 대사증후군 간의 연관성을 확인하고자 했다. 세 번째 연구에서는 에콰도르 성인의 다량영양소 섭취현황을 파악하고, 탄수화물 및 지방 섭취수준, 자연환경, 건강 관련 생활행태 요인과 대사증후군 간의 연관성을 규명하고자 했다. 방법: 본 연구는 2012년 에콰도르 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 20세 이상의 성인 6,024명 (남성 1,964명, 여성 4,060명)의 자료를 대상으로 수행되었다. 식사조사는 24시간 회상법을 사용하여 이루어졌고, 인구사회학적 특성과 건강 관련 생활행태 요인 (예: 신체활동)은 표준화된 설문지를 기반으로 측정되었다. 대사증후군은 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III 및 Latin American Diabetes Association 기준에 따라 정의되었다. 첫 번째 연구에서는 지리적 고도를 낮은 고도 (해발 0-2,000m)와 높은 고도 (해발 2,001m 이상)의 두 그룹으로 범주화했다. 다중로지스틱회귀분석을 사용하여 고도에 따른 대사증후군의 오즈비 (odds ratio, OR)와 95% 신뢰구간 (95% confidence intervals, 95% CI)을 산출하였다. 두 번째 연구에서는 National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI)에서 제공한 2012년 연평균 상대습도 (%) 정보를 추가로 사용하였다. 상대습도는 낮은 상대습도 (50%-80%)와 높은 상대습도 (> 80%)의 두 그룹으로 구분하였으며, 상대습도 그룹에 따른 대사증후군의 OR 및 95% 신뢰구간을 다중로지스틱회귀분석으로 산출하였다. 세 번째 연구에서는 대상자를 성과 다량영양소 섭취 유형 (low-carbohydrate high-fat [LCHF], 탄수화물의 에너지 기여율 45% 미만; high-carbohydrate low-fat [HCLF], 탄수화물의 에너지 기여율 65% 이상; medium-carbohydrate-fat [MCF], 탄수화물의 에너지 기여율 45-65%)에 따라 구분하였다. 다량영양소 섭취 유형에 따른 대사증후군의 OR 및 95% 신뢰구간을 다중로지스틱회귀분석을 사용하여 산출하였다. 또한, 탄수화물과 지방 섭취수준, 자연환경, 건강 관련 생활행태 요인과 대사증후군 간에 상호작용에 의한 연관성이 있는지 분석하였다. 결과: 첫 번째 연구에서는 교란변수를 보정했을 때 낮은 고도에 거주하는 남성의 대사증후군 유병률 (OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.05-1.76)과 남녀 모두의 높은 공복혈당 유병률 (남성, OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.32-2.46; 여성, OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.24-1.93)이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 신체활동 부족은 낮은 고도에 거주하는 남성 (OR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.22-3.45)과 여성 (OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.05-1.83) 모두에게서 복부비만과 양의 연관성을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 두 번째 연구에서는 상대습도가 높은 지역 (> 80 %)에 거주하는 여성의 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증 (OR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.06-1.56)과 대사증후군 (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.01-1.42) 유병률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 상대습도가 높은 지역에 거주하며 신체활동 수준이 높은 남성은 고중성지방혈증의 OR이 낮았다 (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.37-0.85). 상대 습도가 높은 폐경기 여성은 대사 증후군 (5.42, 95 % CI : 1.92-15.27), 혈압 상승 (3.10, 95 % CI : 1.15-8.35), 허리 둘레 증가 (OR = 1.34; 95 % CI : 1.09-1.63). 세 번째 연구에서는 여성에서 LCHF 식사가 고혈압과 역의 연관성을 갖는 반면 (OR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.19–0.59) MCF 식사는 고혈압 (OR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.32-0.79) 및 높은 공복혈당 (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.91)과 역의 연관성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. MCF 식사를 하며 상대습도가 낮은 지역에 거주하는 여성은 대사증후군과 (OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.40-0.98), LCHF 식사를 하며 높은 고도에 거주하는 여성은 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증과 (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.94) 역의 연관성을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, LCHF 식사를 하는 남성 중 신체활동 수준이 낮거나 (OR=2.30, 95% CI: 1.17-4.52) 상대습도가 높은 지역에 거주하는 경우 (OR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.23-4.83) 복부비만의 OR이 높은 것으로 드러났다. 결론: 에콰도르 성인의 자연환경, 건강 관련 생활행태 요인, 식사패턴은 대사증후군 및 그 위험요인의 유병률과 유의한 관련성을 보였다. 고도가 낮거나 상대습도가 높은 지역에 거주할 때 남녀 모두에게서 대사증후군 및 그 위험요인의 OR이 높았던 반면, 신체활동 수준이 높은 남성에서 대사증후군 및 그 위험요인의 OR은 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 여성에서 LCHF나 MCF 식사는 대사증후군 및 그 위험요인과 역의 연관성을 보였고, 추가분석을 통해 에콰도르 성인에서 탄수화물과 지방 섭취수준, 신체활동, 자연환경과 대사증후군 간에 상호작용에 의한 연관성이 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 생활행태 요인뿐만 아니라 자연환경도 고려한 포괄적인 보건 및 영양사업 수행의 중요성을 시사하며, 대사증후군 예방을 위한 적절한 환경 조건, 생활행태 및 식사 섭취에 관한 후속연구의 기반을 조성할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.Introduction: In Ecuador, it has been reported that approximately 3 of 10 adults aged 20 years or older have metabolic syndrome, based on the 2012 Ecuador National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-ECU). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multidimensional, progressive, and complex disorder characterized by the sum of elevated fasting glucose, hypertension, elevated serum triglycerides, low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and abdominal obesity. MetS culminates in adverse outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Several biological and behavioral factors, including age (i.e. > 40 yr), sex (female), smoking, unhealthy dietary habits, and sedentary behaviors have been recognized to contribute to the development of MetS. Moreover, physical environment, including elevation and humidity have been suggested to potentially influence the development of metabolic diseases through a reduction in peripheral oxygen saturation and heat stress. Some studies have described an inverse association between elevation and lower obesity prevalence and incidence, as well as lower diabetes and hypertension proportions. In the case humidity and its effects on MetS, research is scarce, a single study has reported a positive association between diabetes mellitus, central obesity, higher systolic blood pressure, and lower physical activity in elder residents living in high relative humidity areas. Similar research situation is observed on dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors among Ecuadorians, most data in healthy population come from research in high-income countries, where findings on this topic are yet controversial. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the associations of physical environment, health-related lifestyles with metabolic syndrome in the Ecuadorian population. Objectives: This study aimed to (1) determine the epidemiologic characteristics of physical environment, health-related lifestyles, and carbohydrate and fat intake among Ecuadorian adults; and (2) examine their interactive associations with MetS and its components. This study was composed of three sub-studies. The first sub-study aimed to examine the associations among elevation of residence, health-related lifestyles, and prevalence of MetS in the Ecuadorian population aged 20 years or older using national survey data. The objective of the second sub-study was to estimate the climate conditions through national meteorological data and investigate their associations with lifestyles and MetS among Ecuadorian adults. The objective of the third sub-study was to explore the macronutrient profile and determine associations of carbohydrate and fat intake, physical environment, and health-related lifestyles with MetS among Ecuadorian adults using national survey and meteorological data. Methods: The study included 6,024 Ecuadorians (1,964 men and 4,060 women) aged 20 to 60 years who participated in the 2012 Ecuador National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-ECU). Dietary intake was measured using a 24-hour dietary recall; sociodemographic characteristics and health-related lifestyles (i.e. physical activity) were measured via standardized questionnaires. MetS was defined on the basis of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the Latin American Diabetes Association criteria. The first sub-study categorized geographical elevation into two groups, including low elevation (0-2,000 masl) and high elevation (above 2,001 masl). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS across the elevation groups. The second sub-study additionally used the mean annual relative humidity (%) for 2012 from the National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology INAMHI. We classified relative humidity into two groups, low relative humidity (50% - 80%) and high relative humidity (above >80%). ORs and 95% CIs for MetS across the relative humidity groups were estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis. The third sub-study divided participants by sex and status of dietary intake; low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF, energy from carbohydrate 65%), and medium-carbohydrate -fat (MCF, 45% to 65% of energy from carbohydrate). ORs and 95% CIs for MetS across the different diet intake groups were estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, interactive associations among carbohydrate and fat intake, physical environment, health-related lifestyle, and MetS were analyzed. Results: In the first sub-study, it was found that residing at low elevation increased prevalence of MetS in men (OR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.76) and elevated fasting glucose in both men (OR=1.80; 95% CI: 1.32-2.46) and women (OR=1.55; 95% CI: 1.24-1.93) after adjusting for confounders. Additionally, a lack of physical activity was identified as an important factor that raises the risk of increased waist circumference in both men (OR=2.05; 95% CI: 1.22-3.45) and women (OR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.05-1.83) living at low elevation. The second study found that living in high relative humidity (>80%) increased ORs of reduced HDL cholesterol (OR=1.25; 95% CI: 1.06-1.56) and MetS (OR=1.20; 95% CI:1.01-1.42) in women. Furthermore, physically active men living in high relative humidity showed lower OR of elevated triglycerides (0.56; 95% CI:0.37-0.85) while menopausal women living in high relative humidity showed increased ORs of MetS (5.42; 95% CI: 1.92-15.27), elevated blood pressure (3.10; 95% CI: 1.15-8.35), and increased waist circumference (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.09-1.63). Lastly, in the third sub-study we found that in women, LCHF intake showed an inverse association with increased blood pressure (OR= 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19–0.59), while MCF intake showed inverse associations with increased blood pressure and elevated fasting glucose (OR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.32-0.79; OR= 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.91, respectively). Moreover, inverse associations were observed in women who were consuming MCF intake and residing in low relative humidity with MetS (OR=0.63; 95% CI: 0.40-0.98) and in women with LCHF diet and residing at high elevation with reduced HDL cholesterol (OR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.35-0.94). Additionally, higher ORs of increased waist circumference were observed in men with LCHF intake who were physically inactive (OR=2.30; 95%CI: 1.17-4.52) and living in high relative humidity (OR=2.44; 95%CI: 1.23-4.83). Conclusions: Physical environment, health-related lifestyles, and diet pattern showed significant effects on prevalence of MetS and its components in Ecuadorian adults. Residence at low elevation and residence in high relative humidity increased ORs of MetS and its components in both men and women, while physical activity significantly reduced ORs of MetS and its components in men. In addition, women consuming LCHF and/or MCF intakes showed inverse associations with MetS and its components. Further analyses showed interactive associations of carbohydrate and fat intake, physical activity, and physical environment with MetS among Ecuadorian adults. The obtained results suggest that comprehensive health and nutrition programs focusing on not only lifestyles but also physical environment should be conducted. The findings from these studies may constitute the baseline for further investigation on adequate environment conditions, lifestyles, and dietary intake for the prevention of MetS.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1-1. General characteristics of Ecuador 1 1-2. Nutritional characteristics of Ecuador 1 1-3. Metabolic syndrome in Ecuador 2 1-4. Characteristics of physical environment in Ecuador 4 1-5. Elevation conditions and metabolic disorders 4 1-6. Climate conditions and metabolic disorders 8 1-7. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet and metabolic disorders 10 1-8. Purpose of research 17 Chapter 2. Low Elevation and Physical Inactivity are Associated with a Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Ecuadorian Adults: A National Cross-Sectional Study 19 2-1. Introduction 19 2-2. Subjects and Methods 21 2-3. Results 23 2-4. Discussion 32 2-5. Conclusions 35 Chapter 3. Associations of Relative Humidity and Lifestyles with Metabolic Syndrome Among the Ecuadorian Adult Population: Ecuador National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-ECU) 2012 36 3-1. Introduction 36 3-2. Subjects and Methods 37 3-3. Results 41 3-4. Discussion 46 3-5. Conclusions 48 Chapter 4. Associations of carbohydrate and fat intake, physical environment, and lifestyles with metabolic syndrome in Ecuadorian adults: the ENSANUT-ECU study 49 4-1. Introduction 50 4-2. Subjects and Methods 51 4-3. Results 53 4-4. Discussion 60 4-5. Conclusions 62 Chapter 5. Overall Discussion and Conclusion 63 5-1. Overall discussion 63 5-2. Conclusions 70 Bibliography 71 Appendices 87 Abstract (in Korean) 90박

Testing-Based Conceptual Schema Validation in a Model-Driven Environment

Despite much scepticism and problems for its adoption, the Model-Driven Development (MDD) is being used and improved to provide many inherent benefits for industry. One of its greatest benefits is the ability to handle the complexity of software development by raising the abstraction level. Models are expressed using concepts that are not related to a specific implementation technology (e.g. Unified Modelling Language -UML, Object Constraint Language -OCL, Action Language for Foundational UML -ALF), which means that the models can be easier to specify, maintain and document. As in Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), the primary artefacts are the conceptual models, efforts are focused on their creation, testing and evolution at different levels of abstraction through transformations because if a conceptual schema has defects, these are passed on to the following stages, including coding. Thus, one of the challenges for researchers and developers in Model-Driven Development is being able to identify defects early on, at the conceptual schema level, as this helps reduce development costs and improve software quality. Over the last decade, little research work has been performed in this area. Some of the causes of this are the high theoretical complexity of testing conceptual schemas and the lack of adequate software support. This research area thus admits new methods and techniques, facing challenges such as generation of test cases using information external to the conceptual schemas (i.e. requirements), the measurement of possible automation, selection and prioritization of test cases, the need for an efficient support tool using standard semantics, the opportune feedback to support the software quality assurance process and facilitate making decisions based on the analysis and interpretation of the results. The aim of this thesis is to mitigate some of the problems that affect conceptual schema validation by providing a novel testing-based validation framework based on Model-Driven Development. The use of MDD improves abstraction, automation and reuse, which allows us to alleviate the complexity of our validation framework. Furthermore, by leveraging MDD techniques (such as metamodeling, model transformations, and models at runtime), our framework supports four phases of the testing process: test design, test case generation, test case execution and the evaluation of the results. In order to provide software support for our proposal, we developed the CoSTest ALF-based testing environment. To ensure that CoSTest offers the necessary functionality, we first identified a set of functional requirements. Then, after these requirements were identified, we defined the architecture and testing environment of the validation framework, and finally we implemented the architecture in the Eclipse context. CoSTest has been developed to test several properties on the executable model, such as syntactic correctness (i.e. all the elements in the model conform to the syntax of the language in which it is described), consistency between the structural and behavioural parts (its integrity constraints) and completeness (i.e. all possible changes on the system state can be performed through the execution of the operations defined in the executable model). For defective models, the CoSTest report returns a meaningful feedback that helps locate and repair any defects detected.A pesar del escepticismo y dificultades en su adopción, el Desarrollo Orientado por Modelos (MDD, por sus siglas en inglés) está siendo usado y mejorado para proveer muchos beneficios inherentes a la industria. Uno de sus mayores beneficios es la capacidad de manejar la complejidad del desarrollo de software elevando el nivel de abstracción. Los modelos se expresan utilizando conceptos que no están relacionados con una tecnología de implementación específica (por ejemplo, Lenguaje de Modelado Unificado -UML, Lenguaje de Restricción de Objetos -OCL, Lenguaje de Acción para el Foundational UML - ALF), lo que significa que los modelos pueden ser más fáciles de especificar, mantener y documentar. Debido a que en una Ingeniería dirigida por modelos (MDE), los artefactos primarios son los modelos conceptuales, los esfuerzos se centran en su creación, prueba y evolución a diferentes niveles de abstracción a través de transformaciones, porque si un esquema conceptual tiene defectos, éstos se pasan a las siguientes etapas, incluida la codificación. Por lo tanto, uno de los retos para los investigadores y desarrolladores in MDD es poder identificar los defectos temprano, a nivel de esquemas conceptuales, ya que esto ayudaría a reducir los costos de desarrollo y mejorar la calidad del software. Durante la última década, pocos trabajos de investigación se han realizado en esta área. Algunas de las causas de esta realidad son la alta complejidad teórica de probar esquemas conceptuales y la falta de soporte de software adecuado. Por lo tanto, este área de investigación admite nuevos métodos y técnicas, enfrentando retos como la generación de casos de prueba utilizando información externa a los esquemas conceptuales (es decir, los requisitos), la medición de una posible automatización, selección y priorización de casos de prueba, la necesidad de una herramienta de soporte eficiente que utilice una semántica estándar, la retroalimentación oportuna para apoyar el proceso de aseguramiento de la calidad del software y facilitar la toma de decisiones basadas en el análisis y la interpretación de los resultados. El objetivo de esta tesis es mitigar algunos de los problemas que afectan la validación de los esquemas conceptuales, proporcionando un nuevo marco de validación basado en pruebas que fue construido usando un desarrollo dirigido por modelos. El uso de MDD permite un aumento en la abstracción, automatización y reutilización que nos permite aliviar la complejidad de nuestro marco de validación. Además, al aprovechar las técnicas MDD (como el metamodelado, las transformaciones de modelos y los modelos en tiempo de ejecución), nuestro marco soporta cuatro fases del proceso de prueba: diseño de pruebas, generación de casos de prueba, ejecución de casos de prueba y la evaluación de los resultados. Con el fin de proporcionar soporte de software para nuestra propuesta, hemos desarrollado CoSTest, un entorno de pruebas basado en el lenguaje ALF. Para asegurar que CoSTest ofrece la funcionalidad necesaria, primero identificamos un conjunto de requisitos funcionales. Luego, después de identificar estos requisitos, definimos la arquitectura y el ambiente de pruebas de nuestro marco de validación y, finalmente, implementamos la arquitectura en el contexto de Eclipse. CoSTest ha sido desarrollado para probar varias propiedades sobre el modelo ejecutable como la corrección sintáctica (es decir, todos los elementos del modelo se ajustan a la sintaxis del lenguaje en el que se describe), consistencia entre la parte estructural y el comportamiento (sus restricciones de integridad) y completitud (es decir, todos los cambios posibles en el estado del sistema se pueden realizar a través de la ejecución de las operaciones definidas en el modelo ejecutable). Para los modelos defectuosos, el informe de CoSTest devuelve una retroalimentación significativa que ayuda a localizar y reparar los defectos detecA pesar de l'escepticisme i les dificultats en la seua adopció, el Desenvolupament Orientat per Models (MDD, segons les sigles en anglès) està sent usat i millorat per tal de proveir molts beneficis potencials inherents a l' indústria. Un dels majors beneficis és la capacitat de manejar la complexitat del desenvolupament del programari elevant el nivell d'abstracció. Els models s'expressen mitjançant conceptes que no estan relacionats amb una tecnologia d'implementació específica (per exemple, el Llenguatge de Modelat Unificat - UML, Llenguatge de Restricció d'Objectes -OCL, Llenguatge d'Acció per al Foundational UML - ALF), el que significa que els models poder ser més fàcils d'especificar, mantindre i documentar. A causa de que en una Enginyeria dirigida per models (MDE), els artefactes primaris són els models conceptuals, els esforços es centren en la seua creació, prova i evolució a diferents nivells d'abstracció mitjançant transformacions, perquè si un esquema conceptual té defectes, aquestos es passen a les següents etapes, inclosa la codificació. Per tant, un del reptes per als investigadors i desenvolupadors en MDD és poder identificar els defectes des del principi, a nivell de esquemes conceptuals, perquè açò ajudaria a reduir els costos de desenvolupament i millora de la qualitat del programari. Durant l'última dècada, pocs treballs d'investigació s'han fet en aquesta àrea. Algunes de les causes d'aquesta realitat són l'alta complexitat teòrica de provar esquemes conceptuals i la falta de suport de programari adequat. Per tant, aquesta àrea d'investigació admet nous mètodes i tècniques, enfrontant reptes com la generació de casos de prova mitjançant informació externa als esquemes conceptuals (es a dir, requisits), la medició de una possible automatització, selecció i priorització de casos de prova, la necessitat de una ferramenta de suport rentable que utilitze una semàntica estàndard, la retroalimentació oportuna per suportar el procés d'assegurament de la qualitat del programari i la facilitat per a prendre decisions basades en l'anàlisi i la interpretació dels resultats. En aquesta tesi intentem mitigar alguns dels problemes que afecten a la validació dels esquemes conceptuals, proporcionant un nou marc de validació basat en proves que va ser construït mitjançant un desenvolupament dirigit per models. L'ús de MDD permet un augment en l'abstracció, automatització i reutilització que ens permet alleujar la complexitat del nostre marc de validació. A més a més, al aprofitar les tècniques MDD (com el metamodelat, les transformacions de models i els models en temps d'execució), el nostre marc suporta quatre fases del procés de prova: disseny, generació i execució de casos de prova, així com l'avaluació de resultats del procés de prova. Amb la finalitat de proporcionar suport de programari per a la nostra proposta, hem desenvolupat un entorn de proves basat en el llenguatge ALF que s'anomena CoSTest. Per tal d'assegurar que CoSTest ofereix la funcionalitat necessària, identifiquem un conjunt de requisits funcionals abans de desenvolupar la ferramenta. Després d'identificar aquestos requisits, definim l'arquitectura i l'ambient de proves del nostre marc de validació, i finalment, implementem l'arquitectura en el context Eclipse. CoSTest ha sigut desenvolupat per provar diverses propietats sobre el model executable com la correcció sintàctica (és a dir, tots els elements del model s'ajusten a la sintaxi del llenguatge en el que es descriu), consistència antre la part estructural i el comportament (les seues restriccions d'integritat) i completitud (és a dir, tots els canvis possibles en l'estat del sistema es poden realitzar mitjançant l'execució de les operacions definides en el model executable). Per als models defectuosos, l'informe de CoSTest retorna una retroalimentació significativa que ajuda a localitzar i reparar els defectes deteGranda Juca, MF. (2017). Testing-Based Conceptual Schema Validation in a Model-Driven Environment [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/89091TESI

Critical Comments on the Sensorimotor Approach to Consciousness

Cognitive neuroscience and contemporary physicalist philosophies of mind typically hold the view that minds somehow reduce to brain activity. This is achieved through representations that evolved to map reality and are subjected to computational activity. The received view has been criticized mostly through thought experiments that rely on the notion of qualia, but philosopher Alva NoEB; follows a different approach, called the 201C;sensorimotor theory201D;. Unlike the orthodoxy, NoEB; argues that our minds are not inside our bodies; they are better seen as a dynamic process of embodied cognition. This means mental activity emerges from our engagement with the world around us. NoEB;2019;s thesis is grounded on original arguments that are both empirical and philosophical in nature

Propuesta de un sistema de costos por órdenes de producción en la generación de servicios en los concesionarios de vehículos caso práctico Chery Cuencauto

El proyecto integrador trata de la contabilidad de costos aplicadas en empresas del sector de servicios automotriz como es Chery Cuencauto. Nuestro objetivo es proponer un sistema de costeo por Órdenes de Producción ya que mencionada empresa, no cuenta con este sistema de costeo. Comenzamos con el análisis del sector, donde se identifica que, a pesar de existir un crecimiento considerable en las empresas de este sector, la mayoría no cuenta con un sistema contable de costos. Contiene además la teoría donde se sustenta todo nuestro trabajo investigativo. Luego se desarrolló la propuesta del sistema de costos por Órdenes de Producción, obteniendo como resultado los planteados en el diseño. Dichos resultados para citar algunos fueron: implementación de hojas de costos, tarjetas de tiempo, determinación de CIF, manejo de cuentas exclusivas de la contabilidad de costos, modificación al plan de cuentas empresarial, etc. Finalmente, con las conclusiones y recomendaciones propuestas, estamos seguras que serán de gran ayuda tanto para el concesionario, para el lector de la tesis, así como para cualquier empresa del sector automotrizThe integrative project deals with the accounting of costs applied in companies of the automotive services sector as Chery Cuencauto it is. Our objective is to propose a costing system for production orders since the aforementioned company does not have this costing system. We begins with the analysis of the sector, where it is identified that, despite there is a considerable growth in companies in this sector, most do not have a cost accounting system. This project also contains the theory behind all of our investigative work. Then the proposal of the system of costs by orders of production was developed, obtaining as a result those raised in the design´s project. Some of these results are: implementation of cost sheets, time cards, determination of Manufacturing Overhead (CIF), management of exclusive accounts of cost accounting, modification to the corporate accounts plan, etc. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations that we proposed, we are sure that they will be of great help both for the concessionaire, for the reader of the thesis, as well as for any company in the automotive sectorContador Público AuditorCuenc

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“A Fifa é anticomunista! Jamais deixará a União Soviética ganhar uma Copa do Mundo”

A partir da frase de um jornalista russo – frase essa que dá título ao artigo –, o autor averigua a possibilidade de ter havido perseguição da Fifa em relação ao comunismo ao longo de algumas copas, além de comentar episódios envolvendo a então seleção soviética e a ditadura brasileira. O autor também cita jogos memoráveis entre essa seleção e a brasileira.Drawing from a statement by a Russian journalist which serves as a title to this article, the author inquires into whether or not FIFA might have persecuted communists in some World Cups; and also comments on some episodes involving the-then Soviet squad and the Brazilian dictatorship. The author also mentions some memorable matches between that squad and the Brazilian team