L’insertion professionnelle des jeunes docteurs au Sénégal

Pour les jeunes diplômés sénégalais, l’insertion professionnelle dans le monde académique et scientifique relève d’un véritable parcours du combattant. Défaut d’encadrement, manque de moyens financiers, mauvaise gestion des institutions sont autant d’obstacles structurels dont pâtit la recherche au Sénégal. Au-delà des seuls diplômes, l’accès à l’élite universitaire passe par un long travail de diffusion de la recherche sur la scène internationale et la reconnaissance par les pairs

Isolation and identification of three mono-glycosylated flavonoids from flowers of Vernonia galamensis Ssp. galamensis Var. galamensis M. Gilbert. (Isolement et identification de trois flavonols monoglycosylés des fleurs de Vernonia galamensis Ssp. galame

Le fractionnement par chromatographie sur colonne de gel de silice de la phase d’acétate d’éthyle de l’extrait hydrométhanolique des fleurs de Vernonia galamensis Ssp. galamensis Var. galamensis a conduit à l'isolement du kaempférol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (afzéline), de la quercétine 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (quercitrine) et de la 3-O-méthyl quercétine 4′-O-β-D-glucoside (neochilenin). Les structures de ces composés ont été élucidées à l'aide des techniques spectroscopiques modernes (UV, RMN 1H et 13C NOESY 1H-1H et HMQC 1H-13C) et la spectrométrie de masse (ESI en mode négatif). The fractionation by chromatography on a silica gel column of the ethyl acetate layer of the extract of hydromethanol from flowers of Vernonia galamensis Ssp. galamensis Var. galamensis led to the isolation of kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (afzelin), quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (quercitrin) and 3-O-methyl quercetin-4'-O -β-D-glucoside (neochilenin). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by the use of modern spectroscopic techniques (UV, 1H and 13C NMR, NOESY 1H-1H and HMQC 1H-13C) and mass spectrometry (ESI in negative mode)

Impact of annual praziquantel treatment on urogenital schistosomiasis in a seasonal transmission focus in central Senegal

In Sub-Saharan Africa, urogenital schistosomiasis remains a significant public health problem, causing 150.000 deaths/year with approximately 112 million cases diagnosed. The Niakhar district is a disease hotspot in central Senegal where transmission occurs seasonally with high prevalences. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of annual treatment over 3 years on the seasonal transmission dynamics of S. haematobium in 9 villages in the Niakhar district. Adults and children aged between 5 and 60 years were surveyed from 2011 to 2014. Urine samples were collected door-to-door and examined for S. haematobium eggs at baseline in June 2011, and all participants were treated in August 2011 with PZQ (40 mg/kg). After this initial examination, evaluations were conducted at 3 successive time points from September 2011 to March 2014, to measure the efficacy of the annual treatments and the rates of reinfection. Each year, during the transmission period, from July to November-December, malacological surveys were also carried out in the fresh water bodies of each village to evaluate the infestation of the snail intermediate hosts. At baseline, the overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 57.7%, and the proportion of heavy infection was 45.3%, but one month after the first treatment high cure rates (92.9%) were obtained. The overall infection prevalence and proportion of heavy infection intensities were drastically reduced to 4.2% and 2.3%, respectively. The level of the first reinfection in February-March 2012 was 9.5%. At follow-up time points, prevalence levels varied slightly between reinfection and treatment from 9.5% in June 2012 to 0.3% in March 2013, 11.2 in June 2013, and 10.1% April 2014. At the end of the study, overall prevalence was significantly reduced from 57.7% to 10.1%. The overall rate of infested Bulinid snails was reduced after repeated treatment from 0.8% in 2012 to 0.5% in 2013. Repeated annual treatments are suggested to have a considerable impact on the transmission dynamics of S. haematobium in Niakhar, due to the nature of the epidemiological system with seasonal transmission. Thus, to maintain this benefit and continue to reduce the morbidity of urogenital schistosomiasis, other approaches should be integrated into the strategy plans of the National program to achieve the goal of urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in seasonal foci in Senegal

No Difference in the Incidence of Malaria in Human-Landing Mosquito Catch Collectors and Non-Collectors in a Senegalese Village with Endemic Malaria

International audienceBackground The human landing catches is the gold standard method used to study the vectors of malaria and to estimate their aggressiveness. However, this method has raised safety concerns due to a possible increased risk of malaria or other mosquito-borne diseases among the mosquito collectors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of malaria attacks among mosquito collectors and to compare these results with those of non-collectors in a Senegalese village. Methods From July 1990 to December 2011, a longitudinal malaria study involving mosquito collectors and non-collectors was performed in Dielmo village, Senegal. During the study period, 4 drugs were successively used to treat clinical malaria, and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets were offered to all villagers in July 2008. No malaria chemoprophylaxis was given to mosquito collectors. Incidence of uncomplicated clinical malaria and asymptomatic malaria infection were analyzed among these two groups while controlling for confounding factors associated with malaria risk in random effects negative binomial and logistic regression models, respectively. Results A total of 3,812 person-trimester observations of 199 adults at least 15 years of age were analyzed. Clinical malaria attacks accounted for 6.3% both in collectors and non-collectors, and asymptomatic malaria infections accounted for 21% and 20% in collectors and non-collectors, respectively. A non-significant lower risk of malaria was observed in the collector group in comparison with the non-collector group after adjusting for other risk factors of malaria and endemicity level (Clinical malaria: adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.89; 95% confidence interval = 0.65-1.22; p= 0.47). Conclusion Being a mosquito collector in Dielmo was not significantly associated with an increased risk of malaria both under holoendemic, mesoendemic and hypoendemic conditions of malaria epidemiology. This result supports the view that HLC, the most accurate method for evaluating malaria transmission, may be used without health concerns in Dielmo