The rights and the duties of the troops between the intelectual and the abbassid power

Abstract: This study aims to show the important rules of developing the military skills during the Abbasid state during 14thcentury AD. The writer Ibn Al-muqaffa suggested to the caliph Abu Jaafar Al-mansur some major needs to keep the rights and the duties of the Abbasid troops. Such as the moral formation and spiritual desipiline. Further more, the clever writer showed in his letter the importance of separation of troops out of the administration affairs. And the leadership is provided with qualification. Finally, Inquiring about soldiers conditions and circumstances. To conclude with the aspects of Ibn Al-muqaffa’s advice in order to develop the living conditions of the soldiers through rights and duties. Keywords: rights, duties, army, reformation, abbasid

Une approche d'ontologie pour la modélisation des connaissances et l’interrogation des capteurs de réseaux sans fil

International audienceWireless sensor networks (WSNs) generate large volumes of raw data which increases the difficulty for applications to manage and query sensor data. WSNs are normally application specific with no sharing or reusability of sensor data among applications. In order for applications to be developed independently of particular WSNs, sensor data need to be enriched with semantic information. Ontologies are widely used as a means for solving the information heterogeneity problems because of their capability to provide explicit meaning to the information. This paper presents our work towards the development of a wireless sensor network ontology. Based on the proposed ontology we use the SPARQL query language to enable querying of sensor data. We present the description of the development of the proposed ontology, partial evaluation of the early prototype ontology, a discussion of design and implementation issues, and directions for future research works.Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN) génèrent de gros volumes de données brutes, ce qui complique la gestion et l'interrogation des données des capteurs par les applications. Les WSN sont normalement spécifiques à une application, sans partage ni possibilité de réutilisation des données de capteur entre les applications. Pour que les applications puissent être développées indépendamment de certains WSN, les données des capteurs doivent être enrichies d'informations sémantiques. Les ontologies sont largement utilisées pour résoudre les problèmes d'hétérogénéité de l'information en raison de leur capacité à donner un sens explicite à l'information. Cet article présente nos travaux en vue du développement d’une ontologie de réseau de capteurs sans fil. Sur la base de l'ontologie proposée, nous utilisons le langage de requête SPARQL pour permettre l'interrogation des données du capteur. Nous présentons la description du développement de l'ontologie proposée, une évaluation partielle de l'ontologie du prototype initial, une discussion des problèmes de conception et de mise en œuvre et des orientations pour les travaux de recherche futurs

Immunosuppression by mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms and clinical applications

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotential nonhematopoietic progenitor cells that are isolated from many adult tissues, in particular from the bone marrow and adipose tissue. Along with their capacity for differentiating into cells of mesodermal lineage, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes, these cells have also generated great interest for their ability to display immunomodulatory capacities. Indeed, a major breakthrough came with the finding that they are able to induce peripheral tolerance, suggesting they may be used as therapeutic tools in immune-mediated disorders. The present review aims at discussing the current knowledge on the targets and mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunosuppression as well as the potential use of MSCs as modulators of immune responses in a variety of diseases related to alloreactive immunity or autoimmunit

The Role of Macrophages During Zebrafish Injury and Tissue Regeneration Under Infectious and Non-Infectious Conditions.

The future of regenerative medicine relies on our understanding of the mechanistic processes that underlie tissue regeneration, highlighting the need for suitable animal models. For many years, zebrafish has been exploited as an adequate model in the field due to their very high regenerative capabilities. In this organism, regeneration of several tissues, including the caudal fin, is dependent on a robust epimorphic regenerative process, typified by the formation of a blastema, consisting of highly proliferative cells that can regenerate and completely grow the lost limb within a few days. Recent studies have also emphasized the crucial role of distinct macrophage subpopulations in tissue regeneration, contributing to the early phases of inflammation and promoting tissue repair and regeneration in late stages once inflammation is resolved. However, while most studies were conducted under non-infectious conditions, this situation does not necessarily reflect all the complexities of the interactions associated with injury often involving entry of pathogenic microorganisms. There is emerging evidence that the presence of infectious pathogens can largely influence and modulate the host immune response and the regenerative processes, which is sometimes more representative of the true complexities underlying regenerative mechanics. Herein, we present the current knowledge regarding the paths involved in the repair of non-infected and infected wounds using the zebrafish model

Activin A expression regulates multipotency of mesenchymal progenitor cells

INTRODUCTION. Bone marrow (BM) stroma currently represents the most common and investigated source of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs); however, comparable adult progenitor or stem cells have also been isolated from a wide variety of tissues. This study aims to assess the functional similarities of MPCs from different tissues and to identify specific factor(s) related to their multipotency. METHODS. For this purpose, we directly compared MPCs isolated from different adult tissues, including bone marrow, tonsil, muscle, and dental pulp. We first examined and compared proliferation rates, immunomodulatory properties, and multidifferentiation potential of these MPCs in vitro. Next, we specifically evaluated activin A expression profile and activin A:follistatin ratio in MPCs from the four sources. RESULTS. The multidifferentiation potential of the MPCs is correlated with activin A level and/or the activin A:follistatin ratio. Interestingly, by siRNA-mediated activin A knockdown, activin A was shown to be required for the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MPCs. These findings strongly suggest that activin A has a pivotal differentiation-related role in the early stages of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis while inhibiting adipogenesis of MPCs. CONCLUSIONS. This comparative analysis of MPCs from different tissue sources also identifies bone marrow-derived MPCs as the most potent MPCs in terms of multilineage differentiation and immunosuppression, two key requirements in cell-based regenerative medicine. In addition, this study implicates the significance of activin A as a functional marker of MPC identity.National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; National Institutes of Health (ZO1 AR 41131, 01 DE019156-01

CARS and SHG microscopy to follow the collagen production in living human corneal fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells in fibrin gel 3D cultures

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is combined with second harmonic generation (SHG) technique in order to follow the early stage of stem cell differentiation within a 3D scaffold. CARS microscopy can detect lipid membranes and droplet compartments in living cells and SHG microscopy enables a strong imaging contrast for molecules with a non-centrosymmetric ordered structure like collagen. One of the first evidence of hMSCs differentiation is the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) where the collagen protein is its main component. This work demonstrated the multimodal CARS and SHG microscopy as a powerful non-invasive label free technique to investigate the collagen production dynamic in living cell 3D cultures. Its ability to image the cell morphology and the produced collagen distribution on a long term (4 weeks) experiment allowed to obtain important information about the cell-scaffold interaction and the ECM production. The very low limit reached in detecting collagen has permitted to map even the small amount of collagen produced by the cells in few hours of culture. This demonstrates multimodal CARS and SHG microscopy as a novel method to follow cells collagen production and cells differentiation process. In addition the experiment shows that the technique is a powerful tool for imaging of very thick sections (about 4 mm). The study conducted on mesenchymal stem cell in fibrin gel cultures confirmed that differentiation stimulus is induced by the scaffold. The monitoring of stem cell differentiation within a scaffold in a non-destructive way will be an important advantage in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering field.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, ECONOS 201

Human palatine tonsil: a new potential tissue source of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells

INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) are multipotent progenitor cells in adult tissues, for example, bone marrow (BM). Current challenges of clinical application of BM-derived MPCs include donor site morbidity and pain as well as low cell yields associated with an age-related decrease in cell number and differentiation potential, underscoring the need to identify alternative sources of MPCs. Recently, MPC sources have diversified; examples include adipose, placenta, umbilicus, trabecular bone, cartilage, and synovial tissue. In the present work, we report the presence of MPCs in human tonsillar tissue. ----- METHODS: We performed comparative and quantitative analyses of BM-MPCs with a subpopulation of adherent cells isolated from this lymphoid tissue, termed tonsil-derived MPCs (T-MPCs). The expression of surface markers was assessed by fluorescent-activated cell sorting analysis. Differentiation potential of T-MPCs was analyzed histochemically and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the expression of lineage-related marker genes. The immunosuppressive properties of MPCs were determined in vitro in mixed lymphocyte reactions. ----- RESULTS: Surface epitope analysis revealed that T-MPCs were negative for CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45 expression and positive for CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD105 expression, a characteristic phenotype of BM-MPCs. Similar to BM-MPCs, T-MPCs could be induced to undergo adipogenic differentiation and, to a lesser extent, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. T-MPCs did not express class II major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens, and in a similar but less pronounced manner compared with BM-MPCs, T-MPCs were immunosuppressive, inhibiting the proliferation of T cells stimulated by allogeneic T cells or by non-specific mitogenic stimuli via an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent mechanism. ----- CONCLUSION: Human palatine T-MPCs represent a new source of progenitor cells, potentially applicable for cell-based therapies