The perceived impact of social support received from coaches of injured college athletes

Includes bibliographical references

Pandemic planning in the shipping industry — lessons learnt from the 2009 Influenza Pandemic

The events around the 2009 A/H1N1 Influenza Pandemic highlighted the need for better planning to ensure protection of those on vessels, protection for ports of call, and protection of business assets (business continuity). The variety of stakeholders involved in the management of a pandemic made it difficult to achieve a cohesive plan during the event itself. By considering the actions during the last pandemic, and the literature available for the shipping industry on pandemic planning, a pathway to better preparation is suggested. (Int Marit Health 2011; 62, 3: 196–199

The Origin of Forced Labor in the Soviet State, 1917-1921

Originally published in 1967. Many documents essential for understanding the development of Soviet labor policies from 1917 to 1921 have been selected, translated, and presented in this volume. The Origin of Forced Labor in the Soviet State, 1917-1921 begins with the early months of the revolution, when the utopian slogans of workers' control of industry and the promise of trade-union management of industrial production were the controlling factors in shaping Soviet policy on labor. Chapter 2 traces the gradual introduction of measures of labor compulsion, first in relation to those the Bolsheviks classified as the bourgeoisie and afterwards in relation to the working class. Chapters 3 through 5, the core of the study, tell the story of labor militarization—the new formula that, for the Communists, held the key to solving all economic problems in a socialist state. Chapter 3 presents the theories used to justify the militarization of labor and outlines the institutional framework that kept the system in operation. Chapter 4 deals with the application of this system to different segments of the Russian population. Chapter 5 analyzes compulsory labor in transportation, in which the validity of labor militarization as an institution came most sharply into question. The last chapter reviews the general crisis of Russian Communism, the repudiation of some of the most oppressive features of that system, and the efforts to reconcile conflicting views within the Communist Party on the role of labor under socialism

Virginia Woolf’s views of consciousness in relation to art and life

Virginia Woolf is most often treated by critics as a "stream of consciousness" writer, whose main concern was to represent the varying shades of consciousness in its response to changing impressions and experience. Otherwise, her contribution is seen to lie in her experiments affecting the outward form of the novel: for example, the use of the interludes in The Waves. These presuppositions have caused critics to find many things obscure or unintelligible in her novels. Even sympathetic commentators have accused her of "haziness, vague in definability of meaning: precisely the kind of uninterpretable symbolism which is also to be encountered in other forms of art of the same period.” The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the real basis of Virginia Woolf's novels lies in her own theories about the nature of man and his relationship to his universe: her books are intended to express her personal notions of consciousness, identity, immortality, society, the world of solid things, and of the relationship between art and life. Also, through her novels, her thought may be seen to form a coherent and developing whole. Thus the aim of this study is to show that Mrs. Woolf is a philosophical novelist, and that her works of art are essentially novels of ideas. A recognition of the structure and unity of each of her works does in fact depend on a knowledge of these ideas. Consequently, the body of this thesis is devoted to a close analysis of her novels and other writings in order to discover the nature of her important notions, and then to determine the way in which they affect the content and literary technique of the novels. Attention has been paid tox the part played by her circle of friends, the Bloomsbury Group, in forming her ideas, and reference has also been made to relevant aspects of the literary and social atmosphere of the times, and to the prominent figures - such as G.E. Moore, Bergson, Bradley, and William James - who contributed mast to the current climate of ideas. The results of this study have enabled definite conclusions to be drawn, and, I believe, have proved this approach to be successful. On the basis of this study's findings, the majority of what has been thought difficult and confusing in the novels has here been clarified, her symbols have been explained, and a new and accurate understanding of Mrs. Woolf's meaning has been made possible. Thus, in addition to its purpose of establishing its main thesis, this study may largely be considered a complete study of Virginia Woolf. The thesis has been organized according to the separate novels, partly for the sake of clarity, and partly due to the coincidence that there are nine novels, and nine separate sections in the life-cycle of The Waves. It was hoped that the thesis itself Would thus provide an additional illustration af "significant form".1. Auerbach, Eric, Ittmesis, Princeton: University Press, 1953, 551

Submaximal Isometric Force Steadiness in People with Multiple Sclerosis Under Single and Dual Task Conditions

Activities of daily living require steady, non-fatiguing, isometric muscular contractions to maintain postural control and stabilize body segments to facilitate interaction with the environment. Furthermore, typical activities often require simultaneous performance of cognitive and motor tasks. This may challenge people with multiple sclerosis, a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system associated with motor and cognitive impairments. Despite functional relevance, isometric force steadiness in both the upper and lower extremities has not been explored in this population. Additionally, dual task experiments in multiple sclerosis have primarily used gait, a dynamic activity, as the motor task. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation was to examine isometric force steadiness performed under single and dual task conditions in people with multiple sclerosis. It was hypothesized that people with multiple sclerosis would be less steady and have greater dual task costs of cognitive-motor tasks.Study one measured steadiness of the ankle dorsiflexors and elbow flexors across a range of low to moderate force targets during a single task condition. Absolute force fluctuation at each target was measured and relative fluctuation was calculated using the coefficient of variation. In the elbow flexors, people with multiple sclerosis were less steady than controls only at very low forces and were less steady at nearly all force targets in the ankle. However, magnitudes of upper and lower extremity force fluctuation did not correlate within either sample.Study two determined dual task effects of simultaneous performance of a steady ankle dorsiflexion contraction and a cognitive task involving working memory and processing speed. Both controls and people with multiple sclerosis experienced negative dual task effects on motor and cognitive performances. Although those with multiple sclerosis did not perform as well as controls for all tasks, there was no difference in motor effects.This dissertation shows that 1.) isometric steadiness is impaired in the upper and lower extremities of people with multiple sclerosis at very low forces under single task conditions, 2.) people with multiple sclerosis experience cognitive-motor interference when dual tasking, and 3.) the relative dual task motor effects are nonetheless comparable to what is experienced by healthy controls

Effects of Estrogen Receptor Activation on Post-Exercise Muscle Satellite Cell Proliferation

This study investigated the role of estrogen receptor activation on total and proliferating satellite cells following running exercise in rats, by using an estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) specific agonist, 4,4,4 (4-Propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol (PPT). PPT is the first ER-α specific agonist (Stauffer et al 2000) which binds the ER-a subtype with a 410-greater affinity than ER-β (Stauffer et al 2000). Previous studies have demonstrated that estrogen can augment muscle satellite cell numbers following exercise (Enns and Tiidus, 2008) and that this augmentation may be due to mechanisms activated via estrogen receptors that can influence total, proliferating, and differentiating satellite cell numbers (Enns et al 2008). Ovariectomised female rats (n = 64) were divided into four groups: sham, estrogen (0.25 mg estrogen), agonist (PPT), and estrogen plus PPT. Each group was further divided into exercisers and controls (non-exercisers). PPT administration commenced 2 days after estrogen implantation and continued for 6 days. After 7 days of estrogen exposure, exercisers ran intermittently for 90 minutes (17m/min, -13.5 degree grade). Soleus and white vastus muscles were removed 72 hours post-exercise and immunohistochemically stained for total (pax7) and activated (MyoD) satellite cells. Severity of muscle damage was assessed indirectly by measuring betaglucuronidase activity. The results revealed that there were significant increases (p \u3c 0.05) in fibers staining positive for total (pax7) and activated (MyoD) satellite cells when compared to shams in both the soleus and white vastus muscles. However, there was no significant difference (p \u3e 0.05) observed between the treatment conditions supplemented with estrogen, PPT, and estrogen plus PPT. Augmented increases observed in muscle satellite cells post-exercise in the PPT supplemented group suggests that their activation is an estrogen receptormediated process. Due to no significant difference (p \u3e 0.05) observed between PPT- and estrogen-mediated activation of ER-α receptors, ER-α is implicated as the receptor responsible for most, if not all, of the activation of satellite cell activity when induced by estrogen