Some notable cases of the infringement of the principle of equality through sex in labour relations

[Resumo] A nosa constitución proclama no art. 14 a igualdade ante a lei de todos os españois. No campo estrito das relacións laborais este dereito fundamental viría xogar coa mesma intensidade que nas relacións cos poderes públicos. Deste xeito, no contexto das relacións laborais non é posible establecer diferenzas de tratamento, por ningunha circunstancia, que escondan un tratamento discriminatorio tanto na conciliación da vida laboral e familiar como no acoso sexual, aínda que este presenta peculiaridades cando se produce nun centro de traballo móbil como un buque. Por outra banda, a nosa normativa permite que en determinadas circunstancias excepcionais e para determinadas actividades profesionais poidan existir diferenzas de tratamento por razón de sexo, sen que por iso se consideren discriminacións prohibidas.[Abstract] Our constitution proclaims in article 14 the equality before the law of all Spaniards. In the field of employment relationship this fundamental right would come into play with the same intensity as in relations with the public powers. In this way, in the context of the employment relationship, it is not possible to establish any differences in treatment through any circumstance that might hide discrimination both in the reconciliation of life in the workplace and in the family and in sexual harrassment, although in the former situation there are certain peculiarities when these are produced within a mobile workplace scenario such as a ship. On the other hand, our rules allows that in specific exceptional circumstances and in specific professional activities, there can exist differences in treatment because of sex, although this need not be considered to be prohibited discrimination

The civil liability of maritime employersbefore occupational accidents on board ships

[Resumo] Neste artigo analízanse as condicións de vida e de traballo dos mariños mercantes, en particular no relativo á eventual posibilidade de reclamar unha indemnización por danos aos empresarios marítimos por accidentes de traballo a bordo de buques. Así, trátanse os problemas que o establecemento das pólizas de seguro privado para a cobertura destes riscos veu ocasionando ao longo do tempo e dáse conta da evolución nesta materia para se conseguir un sistema de garantía financeira obrigatoria fronte aos supostos de morte e danos corporais da xente do mar.[Abstract] This paper analyses the life and working conditions of merchant seafarers, in particular as regards the eventual possibility to claim compensation for damages to maritime employers by occupational accidents on board ships. Thus, we discuss the problems that the establishmentof insurance policies for the coverage of these risks has been causing over time. Likewise, we account for the evolution in this field to achieve a compulsory financial guarantee system against cases of death and personal injury of seafarers

The conflictual criterion lex loci celebrationisin cases of intermediation of labour in the contextof the maritime industry

[Resumo] A perspectiva conflitual aplicable ao contrato de embarque exposta pola Sentenza do Tribunal de Xustiza da Unión Europea do 15 de decembro de 2011 encerra diversas interrogantes no tocante á interpretación que debe dárselle ao criterio dos puntos de conexión contido no Convenio de Roma do 19 de xuño de 1980, sobre a lei aplicable ás obrigas contractuais, nos supostos de reclamación dunha indemnización no contexto dunha resolución eventualmente ilícita. Desde certo punto de vista, pode dicirse que nesta sentenza o TXUE optou perigosamente por unha interpretación paralela dos conxuntos normativos do dereito internacional privado aplicables ao contrato de traballo, obviando os distintos obxectivos que persegue cada un deles. Esa interpretación que ten a súa causa na vontade de aplicar extensivamente o criterio da lex loci laboris comporta importantes consecuencias para os supostos derivados do contrato de embarque.[Abstract] The perspective of conflict applicable to the shipmen contract posed by the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (EUCJ) of 15 December 2011 encloses diverse questions regarding the interpretation that should be given to the points of connection contained in the Rome Convention, of 19 June 1980, on the law applicable to contractual obligations in relation with claims for compensation in the context of a possibly illicit resolution. From a particular point of view, we can say that in this judgment the EUCJ has opted dangerously for a parallel interpretation of regulations of private international law applicable to the employment contract,overlooking the distinct aims pursued by each of them. This interpretation, based on the will to apply extensively the criterion of the lex loci laboris, has important consequences for the assumptions derived from the shipment contract

Litter Windrows in the South-East Coast of the Bay of Biscay: An Ocean Process Enabling Effective Active Fishing for Litter

Large scale convergence regions of floating marine litter are commonly observed in semi-enclosed seas as the Bay of Biscay. However, clean-up activities on such accumulation regions are limited by the spread of the large-size floating litter on the sea surface. Data gathered by a small-scale fishing vessel devoted to active fishing for floating litter activities during the spring and summer of 2018 reveals that the linear streaks of high concentration of floating litter (so-called litter "windrows") are common accumulation structures in the south-east coast of the Bay of Biscay. The random search of litter windrows for their collection through surface tows of macro-nets was proved to be an effective action for floating litter mitigation. A total of 196 tows collected 16.2 tons of floating marine litter in 68 working days. Most of the litter windrows were around 1 km length and, on average, accumulated 77.75 kg of floating marine litter. Fishing, shipping and aquaculture sectors were the source of 35% of the 4,130 litter items analyzed (55% in weight of the sourced items), and plastic was the most common type of material (96% in terms of items). A better understanding of the phenomenon of the litter windrows, capable to guide clean-up efforts in space and time, would provide a considerable improvement in the efficiency of mitigation actions to reduce the marine litter pollution. The observations of litter windrows in the coastal area of the south-east of the Bay of Biscay demonstrate the key role of submesoscale processes in the distribution of FML. The present work provides a thorough description of floating litter windrows in nature, which it was non-existent to date. The results are the kind of proof necessary to boost the research addressed on the submesoscale aggregations of FML. Coupling litter windrows observations with remote-sensing technology and high-resolution modeling techniques offer great opportunities for the mitigation actions against marine litter

Las reformas laborales y el arbitraje obligatorio: algunos problemas (reflexiones a propósito del acuerdo de la Comisión Paritaria del Preco de 20 de octubre de 2011)

The aim of this paper is to discuss the decision of the Joint Committee on the PRECO (voluntary procedures for the settlement of labour disputes) on 20th October 2011, concerning building up systems for settling disputes out of court under the latest regulations introduced in Spain, involving far-reaching reform of the system of collective negotiation. In particular, it sets out to assess the adoption of obligatory arbitration within the framework of consultation processes in the event of the nonapplication of the collective agreement in the area of pay or others (art. 82.3 ET), as well as the recourse to arbitration of the same nature which is also laid down in the last instance before the CCNCC or equivalent bodies in Autonomous Regions, for the purpose of reaching a position on whether they are constitutional or not.; El presente trabajo tiene por objeto reflexionar, a propósito del acuerdo de la Comisión Paritaria del Preco de 20 de octubre de 2011, sobre la potenciación de los sistemas extrajudiciales de conflictos en las últimas normas que en España han venido a reformar de manera profunda nuestro sistema de negociación colectiva. Con carácter particular, se pretende analizar la apuesta por el arbitraje obligatorio en el marco de los procesos de consulta en el supuesto de inaplicación del Convenio colectivo en materia salarial u otras (art. 82.3 ET), así como el recurso al arbitraje que del mismo carácter se establece en última instancia ante la CCNCC u órganos equivalentes de las Comunidades Autónomas, con la finalidad de posicionarnos acerca de su ajuste constitucional.; 2011ko urriaren 20ko Precoko Batzorde Paritarioaren erabakia abiapuntu hartuta, lan honek gogoeta egiten du gatazkak auzibidetik kanpo ebazteko sistemen indartzeari buruz, Espainiako negoziazio kolektiboko sistema sakon erreformatu duten azken arauen eraginez batik bat. Bereziki, derrigorrezko arbitrajearen aldeko apustua aztertzen da, soldata alorrean edo beste batzuetan hitzarmen kolektiboa aplikatu ezin daitekeenean burutu beharreko kontsulta-prozesuen baitan (82.3 art. ET), baita azken instantzian izaera bereko arbitrajera jotzeko aukera ere CCNCCren edo Autonomia Erkidegoetako organo baliokideen aurrean, Konstituzioan izan dezakeen egokitzapenari buruzko ondorioetara heltzeko

El trabajo “transnacional”. Retos presentes y futuros de la ejecución de servicios extraterritoriales

The purpose of this work is to reflect on the problems of cross borders employmentcontracts in which work is carry out outside of a physical-territorial place. In this sense, the article focuses on cases of extraterritoriality in the execution of services from the perspective of the applicable Law. It starts with the analysis of the classic extraterritorial work in the maritime and/or air domain, continuingwith the most recent assumptions of extraterritoriality linked to the “fourth or fifth dimension” in the digital space or in cyberspace. Finally, it analyses the work execution of future (or not so future) extraterritorial services in maritimeartificial spaces or cities or in outer space.El objeto de este trabajo es realizar una reflexión sobre la problemática derivada de los conflictos jurídico-laborales que surgen de la prestación de servicios plurilocalizada no sujeta al modelo tradicional de trabajador que presta servicios con carácter habitual en un lugar físico-territorial en el que se va a insertarsocio-económicamente hablando. Así, se analizan desde la perspectiva de la Ley aplicable los supuestos de extraterritorialidad en la ejecución de servicios. Se parte del análisis de los supuestos clásicos de trabajos ejecutados en el dominio marítimo y/o aéreo, siguiendo con los supuestos de extraterritorialidad másrecientes ligados a la “cuarta o quinta dimensión” en el espacio digital o en el ciberespacio, para finalizar con la ejecución de servicios extraterritorial futura (o no tan futura) en espacios o ciudades marítimo-artificiales o en el espacio ultraterrestre

El reembolso de gastos médicos y la Directiva sobre Asistencia Sanitaria Trans fronteriza

The aim of this work is to report on the difficulties caused by the free circulation of patients within the EU and the subsequent reimbursement of costs incurred for health care. In this respect, the 20111/24/CE Directive is analyzed which governs the right of patients to cross-border health care and the reimbursement of costs based on jurisprudential precedents issued by the European Court of Justice in this area.; El presente trabajo tiene por objeto dar cuenta de las dificultades que ha ocasionado la libre circulación de pacientes en el seno de la UE y el posterior reembolso de gastos por asistencia sanitaria. En este sentido, se analiza la Directiva 2011/24/CE sobre derecho de los pacientes en la asistencia sanitaria transfronteriza y el reembolso de gastos sanitarios sobre la base de los precedentes jurisprudenciales que sobre esta materia ha emitido el TJ.; Lan honen helburua, hain zuzen, EB barnean gaixoen joan-etorri askeak ekarri dituen zailtasunen eta ondoriozko osasun-laguntzagatiko gastuen ordainketaren berri ematea da. Hala, mugaz gaindiko osasun-laguntza jasotzeko gaixoen eskubideari eta Justizia Auzitegiak gai horri buruz emandako jurisprudentzia-aurrekarien oinarrien gaineko osasun-gastuen ordainketari buruzko 2011/24/EE Zuzentaraua aztertzen da