Gauging internal fermionic symmetries and spin 3/2 fields

Field theoretic models possessing a global internal fermionic shift symmetry are considered. When such a symmetry is realized locally, spin 3/2 fields appear naturally as gauge fields. Implementation of the gauging procedure requires not only the usual replacement of ordinary derivatives by covariant derivatives containing the spin 3/2 fields, but also the inclusion of additional monomials. The Higgs mechanism and the high energy Nambu-Goldstone fermion equivalence theorem are explicitly demonstrated.Comment: 9 page

Gray Market Goods Produced by Foreign Affiliates of the U.S. Trademark Owner: Should the Lanham Act Provide a Remedy?

I shall argue that, with limited exceptions, the problem posed by genuine gray market imports from an affiliated source is not a trademark problem per se, and as such federal relief must come from Congress in the form of sui generis legislation. First, I shall briefly examine the historical background of this problem and discuss the debate leading up to the K Mart decision. Second, I shall discuss the nature of the trademark right, provisions under the Lanham Act that safeguard that right and several illustrative gray market cases decided thereunder. Third, I shall discuss the relationship between the trademark standard for regulating gray market goods and the ability of the trademark owner to avoid intrabrand competition. Fourth, I shall conclude by proposing an infringement standard under which gray market goods should be measured that considers the interests of trademark owners, consumers and competition in the marketplace

Staying Patent Validity Litigation Pending Reexamination: When Should Courts Endeavor to Do So

This note will discuss the circumstances under which it is appropriate for a court to exercise its authority to stay patent validity litigation pending reexamination of the patent-in-suit. The question must be analyzed with due regard to the unique relationship that exists between Patent Office reexamination and district court litigation. As a point of departure, the note explains the substance and procedure of statutory reexamination. Secondly, it will discuss the possible effects that reexamination may have on concurrent litigation in a district court. Thirdly, the note will examine the discernible factors that courts have considered in deciding whether to suspend litigation pending a result from reexamination. Fourthly, it will offer guidelines as to how a court will likely dispose of the issue in view of the interests and policies involved; and, in addition, it will offer an omnibus standard for deciding the question, which is formulated consistent with precedent. Lastly, the note recapitulates the context in which the subject issue arises and identifies the over-arching policy considerations that are implicated in the decision-making process

Effects of Strip Thickness and Damping on Flow-Induced Motions of a Circular Cylinder

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) occurs as the flow around a bluff body, such as a cylinder, separates and causes the formation of vortices and a varied pressure distribution along the surface. Vortices are alternatingly shed, resulting in an alternating force on the body. VIV can have potentially destructive effects in structural applications, which prompted the majority of research to focus on mitigation and suppression efforts. Since the discovery of using vortex-induced vibration for energy harvesting by Bernitsas and group at the University of Michigan in 2005, researchers have begun to focus on augmentation mechanisms for VIV and galloping of circular cylinders for expanding energy harvesting capacity of the device. The current experimental work examines the effect of attaching smooth strips of varying thickness to a circular cylinder, as well as the effect of mass-damping for a given strip thickness, on its vibration response and power generation potential, and builds on previous work done by Vinod and Banerjee [1]. Five strip thicknesses ranging from 1.6% to 31% of the cylinder diameter were tested, along with three values of mass-damping. Each combination of thickness and damping experienced galloping at high flow velocities. Greater strip thickness resulted in a higher rate of increase of vibration amplitude with flow velocity, as well as a tendency to transition directly from VIV to galloping. Higher damping resulted in lower VIV amplitudes, a higher rate of increase in galloping amplitudes, lower vibration frequencies, and a lower Reynolds number range of synchronization. These observations show that higher strip thickness and lower damping lead to increased energy harvesting and power generation potential

The Influence of Mixed Monolayer Composition on Zinc–Carboxylate Binding at the Air–Water Interface

Sea spray aerosols (SSA) are known to have a thin organic coating that is largely comprised of fatty acids, but also contains many other organic molecules. Subphase sea water contains metal ions that have the ability to interact with this organic coating at the air-water interface, resulting in transport of metals into the atmosphere. Metal surface binding at pure monolayers has been well studied, however metal surface binding at ocean relevant mixed monolayers has not previously been studied. A model interfacial system with four monolayer ratios of stearic acid to octadecanol (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, and 85:15) is analyzed on subphases containing varying ZnCl2 concentrations with a constant NaCl ionic background. Monolayers are held at a surface pressure of 35 mN/m and an approximate mean molecular area of 21.5 Å2/molecule, maintaining a highly ordered film structure. Surface pressure–area (Π-A) isotherms and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) were used in conjunction to determine molecular binding interactions and quantify Zn2+– carboxylate surface binding affinities at each monolayer composition. It was found that: (1) Binding affinities for all four monolayer compositions are ~300 times greater in magnitude than zinc-acetate binding in bulk aqueous solution, indicating that zinc-carboxylate binding is enhanced at the surface, and (2) Mixed monolayer composition impacts trace metal surface binding in both strength and stoichiometry.A one-year embargo was granted for this item.Academic Major: Chemistr

Electromagnetic corrections for the analysis of low energy pi-p scattering data

We calculate the electromagnetic corrections to the isospin invariant mixing angle and to the two eigenphases for the s and p-waves for low energy pi-p elastic and charge exchange scattering. These corrections have to be applied to the nuclear quantities obtained from phase shift analyses of the experimental data in order to obtain the hadronic phases. We compare our results with earlier calculations and estimate the uncertainties in the corrections.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures. Uses elsart.cls Accepted for publication in Nuclear Physics

Use of W-Boson Longitudinal-Transverse Interference in Top Quark Spin-Correlation Functions: II

This continuation of the derivation of general beam-referenced stage-two spin-correlation functions is for the analysis of top-antitop pair-production at the Tevatron and at the Large Hadron Collider. Both the gluon-production and the quark-production contributions are included for the charged-lepton-plus-jets reaction p p or p bar{p} --> t bar{t} --> (W^+ b)(W^- bar{b}) --> (l^{+} nu b)(W^- bar{b}). There is a simple 4-angle beam-referenced spin-correlation function for determination of the relative sign of, or for measurement of a possible non-trivial phase between the two dominant helicity amplitudes for t --> W^{+} b decay. There is an analogous function and tests for bar{t} --> W^{-} bar{b} decay. This signature requires use of the (t bar{t}) c.m.-energy of the hadronically decaying W-boson, or the kinematically equivalent cosine of the polar-angle of W-boson emission in the anti-top (top) decay frame. Spinors and their outer-products are constructed so that the helicity-amplitude phase convention of Jacob & Wick can be used throughout for the fixing of the signs associated with this large W-boson longitudinal-transverse interference effect.Comment: Continuation of hep-ph/0506240 to include gluon-production contribution; 3 "postscript" figures. Equation numbers as in published-on-line EPJ