Estimation of maximum oxygen uptake by evaluating cooper 12-min run test in female students of West Bengal, India

The main purpose of the study is to assess and compare the fitness in terms of maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) by cooper 12 min run among the urban female students and rural female students of West Bengal. Thirty young female students from each of the urban as well as rural sectors (age range, 16 – 21 years) of West Bengal were recruited by simple random sampling. Indirect estimation of VO2 max was done with help of 12 min running (Cooper test) of each group of subjects. This study also try to find whether there is any correlation and coefficient between VO2 max and age, weight, stature of the female students of urban sector and rural sector. The rural female young students do have a statistical significantly higher value of predicted maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) than the urban female young students with a probability of P

Emergence of the verification phase procedure for confirming 'true' VO2max

Traditional VO2max criteria are typically based on attainment of a VO2 plateau, and threshold values for the respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and blood lactate concentration. Despite long-standing criticisms directed at these criteria, their use remains widespread. This article discusses an alternative procedure, termed the verification phase, for confirming the attainment of true VO2max. Following a continuous incremental exercise test to the limit of tolerance and appropriate recovery period, the verification phase is performed and is characterized by a supramaximal square wave exercise bout. Consistent peak VO2 values in the incremental and verification phases, confirms that a true VO2max has been attained. Six recent studies investigated the utility of the verification phase for evaluating true VO2max. These studies consistently found small insignificant mean differences between the maximal VO2 attained in the incremental and verification phases. However, this group mean approach does not identify individual subjects who may not have attained a true VO2max. Notably, only one of the six studies reported a criterion threshold to verify the VO2max of individual subjects. Further research is required to investigate the utility of different verification phase procedures and to establish a suitable verification criterion threshold for confirming true VO2max

Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minor and moderate head trauma in children

AbstractBACKGROUND: The management of minor and moderate head trauma in children differs widely between countries. Presently, there are no existing guidelines for management of these children in Scandinavia. The purpose of this study was to produce new evidence-based guidelines for the initial management of head trauma in the paediatric population in Scandinavia. The primary aim was to detect all children in need of neurosurgical intervention. Detection of any traumatic intracranial injury on CT scan was an important secondary aim.METHODS: General methodology according to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used. Systematic evidence-based review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology and based upon relevant clinical questions with respect to patient-important outcomes. Quality ratings of the included studies were performed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2 and Centre of Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM)-2 tools. Based upon the results, GRADE recommendations, a guideline, discharge instructions and in-hospital observation instructions were drafted. For elements with low evidence, a modified Delphi process was used for consensus, which included relevant clinical stakeholders.RESULTS: The guidelines include criteria for selecting children for CT scans, in-hospital observation or early discharge, and suggestions for monitoring routines and discharge advice for children and guardians. The guidelines separate mild head trauma patients into high-, medium- and low-risk categories, favouring observation for mild, low-risk patients as an attempt to reduce CT scans in children.CONCLUSIONS: We present new evidence and consensus based Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee guidelines for initial management of minor and moderate head trauma in children. These guidelines should be validated before extensive clinical use and updated within four years due to rapid development of new diagnostic tools within paediatric neurotrauma.</div

Right Ventricle Stress Test (RiVeS Test) un nouvel outil pour l’évaluation de la réserve fonctionnelle du ventricule droit dans l’insuffisance cardiaque terminale

Connaissances actuelles : En Suisse, l’insuffisance cardiaque touche 8'000 à 13'000 personnes par année. Les coûts annuels estimés que cette unique pathologie sont de 200 millions de francs suisses. La transplantation cardiaque a longtemps été l’unique traitement pour les patients souffrant d’insuffisance cardiaque terminale, mais le faible nombre de donneurs ainsi que le nombre restreint de patients étant capables de supporter une telle opération limite passablement son application. Heureusement, depuis 1991 il existe l’assistance ventriculaire gauche qui constitue la principale alternative à la transplantation cardiaque. L’évaluation fonctionelle du ventricule droit est cruciale dans le choix du traitement des patients en insuffisance cardiaque terminale. Une bonne réserve fonctionnelle nous dirige vers l’implantation d’une assistance ventriculaire gauche seule, or une mauvaise réserve fonctionnelle du ventricule droit nécessite une assistance ventriculaire droite d’emblée. Une erreur de décision clinique engendre une morbidité et une mortalité accrue. Malheureusement, le manque de méthodes efficaces pour prédire l’insuffisance cardiaque droite survenant après l’impantation d’assistance ventriculaire gauche, augmente le risque d’erreur de décision clinique. Actuellement l’évaluation du ventricule droit se fait à l’aide de scores cliniques ainsi que différentes méthodes échocardiographiques. Cependant, plusieurs études montrent que ces méthodes ont une modeste valeur de prédiction d’une insuffisance ventriculaire droite. Objectif : Notre but est de mettre au point le premier test d’effort spécifique au ventricule droit, permettant de quantifier la réserver fonctionnelle de ce dernier. Ce stress test prendra le nom de Right Ventricle Stress Test (RiVeS Test). Ce travail porte sur l’étude de faisabilité du RiveS test. L’objectif de ce travail, est non seulement d’essayer de prouver que l’inhalation progressive de CO2 induit un stress sur le ventricule droit mais aussi de confirmer que la méthode est sûre et bien tolérée. Méthode : L’étude de faisabilité consiste à induire un stress sur le ventricule droit sur cinq volontaires sains. Ceci par augmentation de la post-charge par le biais d’inhalation progressive de CO2; puis d’évaluer les changements morphologiques et de la fonction contractile du ventricule droit induits par ce stress à l’aide de l’echocardiographie trans-thoracique. Du point de vue de l’analyse des résultats, nous avons utilisé le test de student afin d’apprécier la valeur significative de l’augmentation de la PCO2 avant et en fin de test. Résultats : Trois des cinq volontaires étaient porteurs d’une insuffisance tricuspidienne et ont ainsi permis la mesure de l’augmentation de la pression artérielle pulmonaire (PAP) durant le test. Ces mesures ont conduit à la réalisation de courbes doses/réponses (c’est-à-dire PAP en fonction de la PCO2) qui sont très différentes d’une personne à l’autre. Le test de Student nous a permis d’affirmer que l’augmentation de la PCO2 induite par le test était statistiquement significative. D’autres paramètres échocardiographiques tels que la TAPSE (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) et la RVFAC (right ventricle fractional area change) ont pu être mesurés et montrent également des profils induits par le test qui sont très hétérogènes entres les volontaires. 3 Conclusion : Ce travail a permis de démontrer que l’inhalation de CO2 est une méthode sûre et bien tolérée. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants puisque nous avons pu mesurer des changements fonctionnels du ventricule droit. Le RiVeS test induit ainsi, très probablement, un stress sur le ventricule droit. Ceci mériterait cependant d’être confirmé par IRM cardiaque. Enfin, ce travail a permis de mettre en lumière l’intérêt et l’utilité que le RiVeS test pourrait avoir dans la prise en charge des patients en insuffisance cardiaque terminale. Non seulement il permettra une évaluation de la réserve fonctionnelle du ventricule droit mais surtout il nous aidera dans le choix de traitement le plus adapté au patient

HIRA dependent H3.3 deposition is required for transcriptional reprogramming following nuclear transfer to Xenopus oocytes.

BACKGROUND: Nuclear reprogramming is potentially important as a route to cell replacement and drug discovery, but little is known about its mechanism. Nuclear transfer to eggs and oocytes attempts to identify the mechanism of this direct route towards reprogramming by natural components. Here we analyze how the reprogramming of nuclei transplanted to Xenopus oocytes exploits the incorporation of the histone variant H3.3. RESULTS: After nuclear transplantation, oocyte-derived H3.3 but not H3.2, is deposited on several regions of the genome including rDNA, major satellite repeats, and the regulatory regions of Oct4. This major H3.3 deposition occurs in absence of DNA replication, and is HIRA-and transcription-dependent. It is necessary for the shift from a somatic- to an oocyte-type of transcription after nuclear transfer. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the incorporation of histone H3.3 is an early and necessary step in the direct reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei by oocyte. It suggests that the incorporation of histone H3.3 is necessary during global changes in transcription that accompany changes in cell fate.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

Sinus versus nonsinus tachycardia in the emergency department: Importance of age and heart rate

BACKGROUND: The emergency department diagnosis of sinus versus nonsinus tachycardia is an important clinical challenge. The objective of this study was to identify subjects with a high prevalence of nonsinus tachycardia. METHODS: Heart rate and cardiac rhythm were prospective reviewed in 500 consecutive patients with heart rate ≥ 100 beats/min in a busy emergency department. A predictive model based on age and heart rate was then developed to identify the probability of nonsinus tachycardia. RESULTS: As age and heart rate increased, nonsinus tachycardias became more frequent. The probability of nonsinus tachycardia in a subject ≥ 71 years with heart rate ≥ 141 beats/minute was 93%, compared to only three percent in a subject ≤ 50 years with heart rate 100–120 beats/minute. A simple point score system based on age and heart rate helps predict the probability of sinus tachycardia versus nonsinus tachycardia. CONCLUSION: Nonsinus tachycardia is significantly more common than sinus tachycardia in elderly patients in the emergency department. The diagnosis of sinus tachycardia becomes much less likely as age and heart rate increase

Carbohydrates for Soccer: A Focus on Skilled Actions and Half-Time Practices.

Carbohydrate consumption is synonymous with soccer performance due to the established effects on endogenous energy store preservation, and physical capacity maintenance. For performance-enhancement purposes, exogenous energy consumption (in the form of drinks, bars, gels and snacks) is recommended on match-day; specifically, before and during match-play. Akin to the demands of soccer, limited opportunities exist to consume carbohydrates outside of scheduled breaks in competition, such as at half-time. The link between cognitive function and blood glucose availability suggests that carbohydrates may influence decision-making and technical proficiency (e.g., soccer skills). However, relatively few reviews have focused on technical, as opposed to physical, performance while also addressing the practicalities associated with carbohydrate consumption when limited in-play feeding opportunities exist. Transient physiological responses associated with reductions in activity prevalent in scheduled intra-match breaks (e.g., half-time) likely have important consequences for practitioners aiming to optimize match-day performance. Accordingly, this review evaluated novel developments in soccer literature regarding (1) the ergogenic properties of carbohydrates for skill performance; and (2) novel considerations concerning exogenous energy provision during half-time. Recommendations are made to modify half-time practices in an aim to enhance subsequent performance. Viable future research opportunities exist regarding a deeper insight into carbohydrate provision on match-day

Interstitial Glucose and Physical Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes: Integrative Physiology, Technology, and the Gap In-Between

Continuous and flash glucose monitoring systems measure interstitial fluid glucose concentrations within a body compartment that is dramatically altered by posture and is responsive to the physiological and metabolic changes that enable exercise performance in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Body fluid redistribution within the interstitial compartment, alterations in interstitial fluid volume, changes in rate and direction of fluid flow between the vasculature, interstitium and lymphatics, as well as alterations in the rate of glucose production and uptake by exercising tissues, make for caution when interpreting device read-outs in a rapidly changing internal environment during acute exercise. We present an understanding of the physiological and metabolic changes taking place with acute exercise and detail the blood and interstitial glucose responses with different forms of exercise, namely sustained endurance, high-intensity, and strength exercises in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Further, we detail novel technical information on currently available patient devices. As more health services and insurance companies advocate their use, understanding continuous and flash glucose monitoring for its strengths and limitations may offer more confidence for patients aiming to manage glycemia around exercise