Molecular pathology op pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma development

Pheochromocytomas (PCC) are rare tumours of the adrenal medulla. These tumours are derived from the neural crest, similar to paraganglioma (PGL), which are located in the head and neck region and along the sympathetic chain. Histomorphologically these tumours are identical, although the pathogenesis of these two tumour types are mainly different with a minor overlap between the tumours. In the last decades the genes that are associated with the development of PCC and PGL have been identified. Also, the recognition of germline mutations in patients with PCC and PGL has been improved. In patients with PGL germline mutations are identified in more than 50% of the patients and in PCC the percentage of germline mutations is about 25%. Genes involved in the development of PCC are: the RET oncogene and the tunoursupressorgenes VHL, NF1, SDHB, SDHC en SDHD. In the development of PGL the genes mostly involved the SDHB, SDHC en SDHD genes, but also a small percentage is due to mutations in VHL germline mutations. Very recently the SDHA-F2 gene is identified in a subset of hereditary paraganglioma. No clinical of histological markers are available to predict behaviour of PCC and PGL. Some clinical correlation has been found; in patients with PCC and germline RET mutations malignant behaviour is rare. This is in contrast to patients with PCC and SDHB germline mutations that develop metastasis in a large proportion of patients. In this thesis the molecular aberrations in benign and malignant PCC are described and various techniques that can distinguish a subset of PCC and PGL

Grammar of Difference. General Education in the Netherlands and Java, 1800-1940

This contribution compares developments in school enrolment and public investments in primary education in the Netherlands and its most important colony in the 19th century: the Netherlands East Indies, more specifically the island of Java. Despite being part of the same Empire, conditions in both regions were very different, with the metropole having already quite high enrolment rates from the beginning of the period studied (the early 19th century) compared to very low school attendance in the colony. For long, the colonial government left indigenous education in Java to religious and private initiatives, whereas primary schooling in the Netherlands was increasingly financed and regulated. Rising interest for public schooling in the colony, including some government investment in the first decades of the 20th century did lead to some changes, but these were insufficient to prevent Dutch and Javanese children from experiencing a fundamentally different educational upbringing

Sekse in de koloniale geschiedschrijving.: Jan Bremans Kolonialisme en racisme gelezen door een genderbril

Jan Bremans nieuwste bundel geeft een prachtig inzicht in het belang van het bestuderen klasse en ras in de Nederlandse en Belgische koloniale geschiedenis. Dit besprekingsartikel betoogt echter dat Breman er goed aan had gedaan nóg een analytische categorie in zijn werk te betrekken: sekse/gender. Aan de hand van drie voorbeelden uit ons koloniale en postkoloniale verleden wordt duidelijk gemaakt hoezeer het toepassen van een genderblik het begrip over historisch en hedendaags racisme kan verrijken

A network utilization perspective on the leadership advancement of minorities

Social network researchers have shown that, compared to majority employees, structural constraints can cause minority employees to end up in network positions that limit their access to resources (i.e., social capital), and consequently, limit their access to professional opportunities. These findings, however, do not explain why structurally equivalent minority and majority employees achieve differential returns of social capital on their leadership advancement. We propose that majority and minority employees differ in the extent to which they utilize their existing network ties, termed network utilization. We theorize why and how network utilization processes—career and work utilization of network ties—can explain employees’ (i.e., actors) influence on their leadership advancement. We also explicate the process through which actors’ direct and indirect network connections (i.e., alters) contribute to such outcomes through both career-supporting utilization and work-supporting utilization with actors. We conclude by outlining the boundary conditions of network utilization theory; a theory that changes the current understanding of how existing social network ties can perpetuate the underrepresentation of minorities in leadership positions

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient renal carcinoma:a morphologically distinct entity: a clinicopathologic series of 36 tumors from 27 patients

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient renal carcinoma has been accepted as a provisional entity in the 2013 International Society of Urological Pathology Vancouver Classification. To further define its morphologic and clinical features, we studied a multi-institutional cohort of 36 SDH-deficient renal carcinomas from 27 patients, including 21 previously unreported cases. We estimate that 0.05% to 0.2% of all renal carcinomas are SDH deficient. Mean patient age at presentation was 37 years (range, 14 to 76 y), with a slight male predominance (M:F=1.7:1). Bilateral tumors were observed in 26% of patients. Thirty-four (94%) tumors demonstrated the previously reported morphology at least focally, which included: solid or focally cystic growth, uniform cytology with eosinophilic flocculent cytoplasm, intracytoplasmic vacuolations and inclusions, and round to oval low-grade nuclei. All 17 patients who underwent genetic testing for mutation in the SDH subunits demonstrated germline mutations (16 in SDHB and 1 in SDHC). Nine of 27 (33%) patients developed metastatic disease, 2 of them after prolonged follow-up (5.5 and 30 y). Seven of 10 patients (70%) with high-grade nuclei metastasized as did all 4 patients with coagulative necrosis. Two of 17 (12%) patients with low-grade nuclei metastasized, and both had unbiopsied contralateral tumors, which may have been the origin of the metastatic disease. In conclusion, SDH-deficient renal carcinoma is a rare and unique type of renal carcinoma, exhibiting stereotypical morphologic features in the great majority of cases and showing a strong relationship with SDH germline mutation. Although this tumor may undergo dedifferentiation and metastasize, sometimes after a prolonged delay, metastatic disease is rare in the absence of high-grade nuclear atypia or coagulative necrosis

Fortificaties in Hollantsch Brasil

To study the past, military buildings are as good a historic source as churches. Both types of architecture have been engineered a more permanent material than most of the contemporary houses. Thus to the colonial-historian fortifications possess a wealth of material on the history of military science, the history of architecture, on style and social economic history. After the Dutch invaded Pernambuco in february 1630 they adapted the Portuguese fortifications and started to build new forts to consolidate the acquired possessions. Available plans of these forts demonstrate well thoughtout schemes. As authority on the field of the highly influential Italian theories on fortifications the Dutch fortress engineer Simon Stevin adapted these theories to Dutch circumstances and needs. In the colonized regions fortress engineers from this School of Stevin were put to work by the Dutch West-lndian Company. Stones and suitable materials were imported from the Netherlands. No specific manuals have come down to us on form, strategic projection or materials but there exists a writing of Simon Stevin from 1594 with designs of the early Dutch-Brazilian fortifications, which can be reduced after the material as mentioned in this manual. Another source is the diary of the German mercenary Ambrosius Richshoffer, who signed on in Amsterdam in 1629. The most spectacular example of Dutch forts in Brasil was the pentagon In face of the devil. After a thorough restoration the fort at present houses the townmuseum of Recife with a varied selection of documents on the Dutch period (1630-1654). Fort Triangle was built on a shallow between the island António Vaz, the isthmus and the continent and played an important role during the siege of Recife in 1645. Fort De Bruyn was built in 1630 on the site of a small Portuguese entrenchment to the east of Recife. This square fort has been restored drastically by the Portuguese. Fort Orange (1633), situated on the island of Itamaraca, was designed and carried out by Pieter van Bueren, Andreas Drewisch and perhaps by Cristóvao Alvares. The square plan has been laid out in conformity with the classic Italian notion of a fort, which still was valid in the 17th century. This fort stands out by a remarkabie doublé entrance. This system after Caernavon (1283) has been introduced in Europe by the knights of the Cross. In 1645 the forts on Itamaraca were strengthened thoroughly. Fort Ernestus, built around a Franciscan monastery, this way was converted into a real fort directed against attacks from the interior. Thus in 1654 there were 39 forts and entrenchments along the Dutch-Brazilian coastal strip. This implies the importance of the Brazilian colony. The downfall of the region to the Dutch West-lndian Company is caused by the fact that military spending was too high with respect to the desired income. The form of the forts built by the Dutch outside of Europe often was pentagonal. In the ecclesiastical, military and civil architecture from the fifteenth and sixteenth century the pentagon carried a mystic meaning and was a symbol of the imperfection of man compared to God, who was symbolized with the numbers 7 and 8. In the 17th century the vision on the function of the fort was much more pragmatic and the number of bastions reduced from five to four. Still, in the habit of name-giving, calling forts after important places, beloved persons or dignitaries an element of symbolism remained connected with forts and fortifications

Projeto Trilha dos Hollandeses. De geschiedenis van een soldatenpad en zijn bruggetje

[No abstract available