Temporal variability of accumulation at Neumayer station, Antarctica, from stake array measurements and a regional atmospheric model

In this study we investigate the ability of the regional atmospheric model RACMO to represent temporal variations of Antarctic accumulation using weekly stake array measurements from Neumayer Station. The model uses ECMWF reanalyses data to force the atmospheric variables at the lateral boundaries of the model domain. Accumulation is defined as precipitation minus sublimation. Generally the model represents the synoptic situations that lead to precipitation reasonably well. The amounts of accumulation are, however, usually lower in the model than in the measurements. It cannot be distinguished whether the model underestimates precipitation or whether this effect is due to the redistribution of snow by the wind, which is not taken into account in the model, but affects the accumulation at the measuring site. Significant differences between model and measurements also occur in cases of net ablation due to wind erosion or when accumulation was due to snowdrift from southwest without precipitation observed

Программа автоматизированного расчёта параметров прокатки, в комплексе «приводная – неприводная клети»

Разработан алгоритм программы автоматизированного расчёта параметров процесса прокатки в комплексе ПК–НК и программа на языке С++, обеспечиваю- щая расчёт энергосиловых и технологических параметров прокатки в комплексе ПК–НК с учётом ограничивающих процесс факторов

Global hunger and climate change adaptation through international trade

International trade enables us to exploit regional differences in climate change impacts and is increasingly regarded as a potential adaptation mechanism. Here, we focus on hunger reduction through international trade under alternative trade scenarios for a wide range of climate futures. Under the current level of trade integration, climate change would lead to up to 55 million people who are undernourished in 2050. Without adaptation through trade, the impacts of global climate change would increase to 73 million people who are undernourished (+33%). Reduction in tariffs as well as institutional and infrastructural barriers would decrease the negative impact to 20 million (−64%) people. We assess the adaptation effect of trade and climate-induced specialization patterns. The adaptation effect is strongest for hunger-affected import-dependent regions. However, in hunger-affected export-oriented regions, partial trade integration can lead to increased exports at the expense of domestic food availability. Although trade integration is a key component of adaptation, it needs sensitive implementation to benefit all regions

Improving ice core interpretation using in situ and reanalysis data

Back trajectory analysis, provided by the British Atmospheric Data Centre using meteorological parameters from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis ERA-40 (1980-2001) and operational analysis (2002-2006), is used to investigate transport pathways and source regions of climate proxies preserved in a new ice core (Gomez) from the southwestern Antarctic Peninsula. The ECMWF data are compared with automatic weather station data and ice core annual accumulation records to demonstrate that the ECMWF data capture a large proportion of the annual and subseasonal precipitation variability at the site. The back trajectories reveal that precipitation preserved in the ice core accumulation record, and hence climate proxies contained therein, originate from the low-pressure systems from the Bellingshausen Sea transported via circumpolar westerly winds. Hence, precipitation-dependent ice core proxies, such as isotopic composition, will be influenced by both localized sea ice extent and large-scale circulation changes, such as the Southern Annular Mode. Sea ice proxies from the ice core are expected to be dominated by sea ice extent in the Bellingshausen Sea but also influenced by sea ice in the Weddell Sea, with a small proportion of air mass trajectories originating from this region during the summer. Comparison with other ice core sites reveals a stronger influence of easterly transport at more northerly locations, thus explaining the observed differences in snow accumulation records between ice cores and the poor correlation with instrumental records at these sites

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled on-line to estrogen receptor bioaffinity detection based on fluorescence polarization

We describe the development and validation of a high-resolution screening (HRS) platform which couples gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on-line to estrogen receptor α (ERα) affinity detection using fluorescence polarization (FP). FP, which allows detection at high wavelengths, limits the occurrence of interference from the autofluorescence of test compounds in the bioassay. A fluorescein-labeled estradiol derivative (E2-F) was synthesized and a binding assay was optimized in platereader format. After subsequent optimization in flow-injection analysis (FIA) mode, the optimized parameters were translated to the on-line HRS bioassay. Proof of principle was demonstrated by separating a mixture of five compounds known to be estrogenic (17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol and the phytoestrogens coumestrol, coumarol and zearalenone), followed by post-column bioaffinity screening of the individual affinities for ERα. Using the HRS-based FP setup, we were able to screen affinities of off-line-generated metabolites of zearalenone for ERα. It is concluded that the on-line FP-based bioassay can be used to screen for the affinity of compounds without the disturbing occurrence of autofluorescence

Proteomics of human liver membrane transporters: a focus on fetuses and newborn infants

Background: Hepatic membrane transporters are involved in the transport of many endogenous and exogenous compounds, including drugs. We aimed to study the relation of age with absolute transporter protein expression in a cohort of 62 mainly fetus and newborn samples. Methods: Protein expressions of BCRP, BSEP, GLUT1, MCT1, MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, NTCP, OCT1, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1 and ATP1A1 were quantified with LC-MS/MS in isolated crude membrane fractions of snap-frozen post-mortem fetal and pediatric, and surgical adult liver samples. mRNA expression was quantified using RNA sequencing, and genetic variants with TaqMan assays. We explored relationships between protein expression and age (gestational age [GA], postnatal age [PNA], and postmenstrual age); between protein and mRNA expression; and between protein expression and genotype. Results: We analyzed 36 fetal (median GA 23.4 weeks [range 15.3–41.3]), 12 premature newborn (GA 30.2 weeks [24.9–36.7], PNA 1.0 weeks [0.14–11.4]), 10 term newborn (GA 40.0 weeks [39.7–41.3], PNA 3.9 weeks [0.3–18.1]), 4 pediatric (PNA 4.1 years [1.1–7.4]) and 8 adult liver samples. A relationship with age was found for BCRP, BSEP, GLUT1, MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, NTCP, OATP1B1 and OCT1, with the strongest relationship for postmenstrual age. For most transporters mRNA and protein expression were not correlated. No genotype-protein expression relationship was detected. Discussion and conclusion: Various developmental patterns of protein expression of hepatic transporters emerged in fetuses and newborns up to four months of age. Postmenstrual age was the most robust factor predicting transporter expression in this cohort. Our data fill an important gap in current pediatric transporter ontogeny knowledge

PARASO, a circum-Antarctic fully coupled ice-sheet–ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere–land model involving f.ETISh1.7, NEMO3.6, LIM3.6, COSMO5.0 and CLM4.5

We introduce PARASO, a novel five-component fully coupled regional climate model over an Antarctic circumpolar domain covering the full Southern Ocean. The state-of-the-art models used are the fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh) v1.7 (ice sheet), the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) v3.6 (ocean), the Louvain-la-Neuve sea-ice model (LIM) v3.6 (sea ice), the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO) model v5.0 (atmosphere) and its CLimate Mode (CLM) v4.5 (land), which are here run at a horizontal resolution close to . One key feature of this tool resides in a novel two-way coupling interface for representing ocean–ice-sheet interactions, through explicitly resolved ice-shelf cavities. The impact of atmospheric processes on the Antarctic ice sheet is also conveyed through computed COSMO-CLM–f.ETISh surface mass exchange. In this technical paper, we briefly introduce each model's configuration and document the developments that were carried out in order to establish PARASO. The new offline-based NEMO–f.ETISh coupling interface is thoroughly described. Our developments also include a new surface tiling approach to combine open-ocean and sea-ice-covered cells within COSMO, which was required to make this model relevant in the context of coupled simulations in polar regions. We present results from a 2000–2001 coupled 2-year experiment. PARASO is numerically stable and fully operational. The 2-year simulation conducted without fine tuning of the model reproduced the main expected features, although remaining systematic biases provide perspectives for further adjustment and development

One Year of Surface-Based Temperature Inversions at Dome C, Antarctica

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