188 research outputs found
A crude model to study radio frequency induced density modification close to launchers
The interplay between radio frequency (RF) waves and the density is discussed by adopting the general framework of a 2-time-scale multi-fluid treatment, allowing to separate the dynamics on the RF time scale from that on the time scale on which macroscopic density and flows vary as a result of the presence of electromagnetic and/or electrostatic fields. The focus is on regions close to launchers where charge neutrality is incomplete and waves are commonly evanescent. The fast time scale dynamics influences the slow time scale behavior via quasilinear terms (the Ponderomotive force for the case of the equation of motion). Electrons and ions are treated on the same footing. Also, both fast and slow waves are retained in the wave description. Although this work is meant as a subtopic of a large study-the wave induced "convective cell" physics at hand is of a 2- or 3-dimensional nature while this paper limits itself to a single dimension-a few tentative examples are presented
Self consistent radio-frequency wave propagation and peripheral direct current plasma biasing: Simplified three dimensional non-linear treatment in the 'wide sheath' asymptotic regime
Neighbourhood social capital: measurement issues and associations with health outcomes.
We compared ecometric neighbourhood scores of social capital (contextual variation) to mean neighbourhood scores (individual and contextual variation), using several health-related outcomes (i.e. self-rated health, weight status and obesity-related behaviours). Data were analysed from 5,900 participants in the European SPOTLIGHT survey. Factor analysis of the 13-item social capital scale revealed two social capital constructs: social networks and social cohesion. The associations of ecometric and mean neighbourhood-level scores of these constructs with self-rated health, weight status and obesity-related behaviours were analysed using multilevel regression analyses, adjusted for key covariates. Analyses using ecometric and mean neighbourhood scores, but not mean neighbourhood scores adjusted for individual scores, yielded similar regression coefficients. Higher levels of social network and social cohesion were not only associated with better self-rated health, lower odds of obesity and higher fruit consumption, but also with prolonged sitting and less transport-related physical activity. Only associations with transport-related physical activity and sedentary behaviours were associated with mean neighbourhood scores adjusted for individual scores. As analyses using ecometric scores generated the same results as using mean neighbourhood scores, but different results when using mean neighbourhood scores adjusted for individual scores, this suggests that the theoretical advantage of the ecometric approach (i.e. teasing out individual and contextual variation) may not be achieved in practice. The different operationalisations of social network and social cohesion were associated with several health outcomes, but the constructs that appeared to represent the contextual variation best were only associated with two of the outcomes
Resonant excitation of whistler waves by a helical electron beam
Chorus-like whistler-mode waves that are known to play a fundamental role in
driving radiation-belt dynamics are excited on the Large Plasma Device by the
injection of a helical electron beam into a cold plasma. The mode structure of
the excited whistler wave is identified using a phase-correlation technique
showing that the waves are excited through a combination of Landau resonance,
cyclotron resonance and anomalous cyclotron resonance. The dominant wave mode
excited through cyclotron resonance is quasi-parallel propagating, whereas wave
modes excited through Landau resonance and anomalous cyclotron resonance
propagate at oblique angles that are close to the resonance cone. An analysis
of the linear wave growth rates captures the major observations in the
experiment. The results have important implications for the generation process
of whistler waves in the Earth's inner magnetosphere
Exploring why residents of socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods have less favourable perceptions of their neighbourhood environment than residents of wealthy neighbourhoods.
Residents of socioeconomically deprived areas perceive their neighbourhood as less conducive to healthy behaviours than residents of more affluent areas. Whether these unfavourable perceptions are based on objective neighbourhood features or other factors is poorly understood. We examined individual and contextual correlates of socioeconomic inequalities in neighbourhood perceptions across five urban regions in Europe. Data were analysed from 5205 participants of the SPOTLIGHT survey. Participants reported perceptions of their neighbourhood environment with regard to aesthetics, safety, the presence of destinations and functionality of the neighbourhood, which were summed into an overall neighbourhood perceptions score. Multivariable multilevel regression analyses were conducted to investigate whether the following factors were associated with socioeconomic inequalities in neighbourhood perceptions: objectively observed neighbourhood features, neighbourhood social capital, exposure to the neighbourhood, self-rated health and lifestyle behaviours. Objectively observed traffic safety, aesthetics and the presence of destinations in the neighbourhood explained around 15% of differences in neighbourhood perceptions between residents of high and low neighbourhoods; levels of neighbourhood social cohesion explained around 52%. Exposure to the neighbourhood, self-rated health and lifestyle behaviours were significant correlates of neighbourhood perceptions but did not contribute to socioeconomic differences. This cross-European study provided evidence that socioeconomic differences in neighbourhood perceptions are not only associated with objective neighbourhood features but also with social cohesion. Levels of physical activity, sleep duration, self-rated health, happiness and neighbourhood preference were also associated with neighbourhood perceptions
Separation by thin-layer chromatography and structure elucidation of bilirubin conjugates isolated from dog bile
Exploring why residents of socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods have less favourable perceptions of their neighbourhood environment than residents of wealthy neighbourhoods
Residents of socioeconomically deprived areas perceive their neighbourhood as less
conducive to healthy behaviours than residents of more affluent areas. Whether
these unfavourable perceptions are based on objective neighbourhood features or
other factors is poorly understood. We examined individual and contextual correlates
of socioeconomic inequalities in neighbourhood perceptions across five urban
regions in Europe.
Data were analysed from 5205 participants of the SPOTLIGHT survey.
Participants reported perceptions of their neighbourhood environment with regard
to aesthetics, safety, the presence of destinations and functionality of the
neighbourhood, which were summed into an overall neighbourhood perceptions
score. Multivariable multilevel regression analyses were conducted to investigate
whether the following factors were associated with socioeconomic inequalities in
neighbourhood perceptions: objectively observed neighbourhood features,
neighbourhood social capital, exposure to the neighbourhood, self-rated health
and lifestyle behaviours.
Objectively observed traffic safety, aesthetics and the presence of destinations in the
neighbourhood explained around 15% of differences in neighbourhood perceptions
between residents of high and low neighbourhoods; levels of neighbourhood
social cohesion explained around 52%. Exposure to the neighbourhood, self-rated
health and lifestyle behaviours were significant correlates of neighbourhood
perceptions but did not contribute to socioeconomic differences.
This cross-European study provided evidence that socioeconomic differences in
neighbourhood perceptions are not only associated with objective neighbourhood
features but also with social cohesion. Levels of physical activity, sleep duration,
self-rated health, happiness and neighbourhood preference were also associated
with neighbourhood perceptions
A crude model to study radio frequency induced density modification close to launchers
The mediating role of social capital in the association between neighbourhood income inequality and body mass index.
Neighbourhood income inequality may contribute to differences in body weight. We explored whether neighbourhood social capital mediated the association of neighbourhood income inequality with individual body mass index (BMI).
A total of 4126 adult participants from 48 neighbourhoods in France, Hungary, the Netherlands and the UK provided information on their levels of income, perceptions of neighbourhood social capital and BMI. Factor analysis of the 13-item social capital scale revealed two social capital constructs: social networks and social cohesion. Neighbourhood income inequality was defined as the ratio of the amount of income earned by the top 20% and the bottom 20% in a given neighbourhood. Two single mediation analyses-using multilevel linear regression analyses-with neighbourhood social networks and neighbourhood social cohesion as possible mediators-were conducted using MacKinnon's product-of-coefficients method, adjusted for age, gender, education and absolute household income.
Higher neighbourhood income inequality was associated with elevated levels of BMI and lower levels of neighbourhood social networks and neighbourhood social cohesion. High levels of neighbourhood social networks were associated with lower BMI. Results stratified by country demonstrate that social networks fully explained the association between income inequality and BMI in France and the Netherlands. Social cohesion was only a significant mediating variable for Dutch participants.
The results suggest that in some European urban regions, neighbourhood social capital plays a large role in the association between neighbourhood income inequality and individual BMI
- …