781 research outputs found
Transforum system innovation towards sustainable food. A review
Innovations in the agri-food sector are needed to create a sustainable food supply. Sustainable food supply requires unexpectedly that densely populated regions remain food producers. A Dutch innovation program has aimed at showing the way forward through creating a number of practice and scientific projects. Generic lessons from the scientific projects in this program are likely to be of interest to agricultural innovation in other densely populated regions in the world. Based on the executed scientific projects, generic lessons across the whole innovation program are derived. We found that the agricultural sector requires evolutionary rather than revolutionary changes to reshaping institutions. Measuring sustainability is possible against benchmarks and requires stakeholder agreement on sustainability values. Results show the importance of multiple social views and multiple stakeholder involvement in agricultural innovation. Findings call for flexible goal rather than process-oriented management of innovation. Findings also emphasise the essential role of profit in anchoring sustainable development in business. The results agree with concepts of evolutionary innovation. We conclude that there is no single best solution to making the agri-food sector more sustainable densely populated areas, but that the combination of a range of solutions and approaches is likely to provide the best way forward
Oxidized and Aggregated Recombinant Human Interferon Beta is Immunogenic in Human Interferon Beta Transgenic Mice
PurposeTo study the effect of oxidation on the structure of recombinant human interferon beta-1a (rhIFNβ-1a) and its immunogenicity in wild-type and immune-tolerant transgenic mice.MethodsUntreated rhIFNβ-1a was degraded by metal-catalyzed oxidation, H2O2-mediated oxidation, and guanidine-mediated unfolding/refolding. Four rhIFNβ-1a preparations with different levels of oxidation and aggregation were injected intraperitoneally in mice 15à during 3 weeks. Both binding and neutralizing antibodies were measured.ResultsAll rhIFNβ-1a preparations contained substantial amounts of aggregates. Metal-catalyzed oxidized rhIFNβ-1a contained high levels of covalent aggregates as compared with untreated rhIFNβ-1a. H2O2-treated rhIFNβ-1a showed an increase in oligomer and unrecovered protein content by HP-SEC; RP-HPLC revealed protein oxidation. Guanidine-treated rhIFNβ-1a mostly consisted of dimers and oligomers and some non-covalent aggregates smaller in size than those in untreated rhIFNβ-1a. All degraded samples showed alterations in tertiary protein structure. Wild-type mice showed equally high antibody responses against all preparations. Transgenic mice were discriminative, showing elevated antibody responses against both metal-catalyzed oxidized and H2O2-treated rhIFNβ-1a as compared to untreated and guanidine-treated rhIFNβ-1a.ConclusionsOxidation-mediated aggregation increased the immunogenicity of rhIFNβ-1a in transgenic mice, whereas aggregated preparations devoid of measurable oxidation levels were hardly immunogenic
HE0107-5240, A Chemically Ancient Star.I. A Detailed Abundance Analysis
We report a detailed abundance analysis for HE0107-5240, a halo giant with
[Fe/H]_NLTE=-5.3. This star was discovered in the course of follow-up
medium-resolution spectroscopy of extremely metal-poor candidates selected from
the digitized Hamburg/ESO objective-prism survey. On the basis of
high-resolution VLT/UVES spectra, we derive abundances for 8 elements (C, N,
Na, Mg, Ca, Ti, Fe, and Ni), and upper limits for another 12 elements. A
plane-parallel LTE model atmosphere has been specifically tailored for the
chemical composition of {\he}. Scenarios for the origin of the abundance
pattern observed in the star are discussed. We argue that HE0107-5240 is most
likely not a post-AGB star, and that the extremely low abundances of the
iron-peak, and other elements, are not due to selective dust depletion. The
abundance pattern of HE0107-5240 can be explained by pre-enrichment from a
zero-metallicity type-II supernova of 20-25M_Sun, plus either self-enrichment
with C and N, or production of these elements in the AGB phase of a formerly
more massive companion, which is now a white dwarf. However, significant radial
velocity variations have not been detected within the 52 days covered by our
moderate-and high-resolution spectra. Alternatively, the abundance pattern can
be explained by enrichment of the gas cloud from which HE0107-5240 formed by a
25M_Sun first-generation star exploding as a subluminous SNII, as proposed by
Umeda & Nomoto (2003). We discuss consequences of the existence of HE0107-5240
for low-mass star formation in extremely metal-poor environments, and for
currently ongoing and future searches for the most metal-poor stars in the
Galaxy.Comment: 60 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
An aCGH classifier derived from BRCA1-mutated breast cancer and benefit of high-dose platinum-based chemotherapy in HER2-negative breast cancer patients
Background: Breast cancer cells deficient for BRCA1 are hypersensitive to agents inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), such as bifunctional alkylators and platinum agents. Earlier, we had developed a comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) classifier based on BRCA1-mutated breast cancers. We hypothesised that this BRCA1-likeCGH classifier could also detect loss of function of BRCA1 due to other causes besides mutations and, consequently, might predict sensitivity to DSB-inducing agents
Fossil Groups in the Millennium Simulation. Evolution of the Brightest Galaxies
We create a catalogue of simulated fossil groups and study their properties,
in particular the merging histories of their first-ranked galaxies. We compare
the simulated fossil group properties with those of both simulated non-fossil
and observed fossil groups. Using simulations and a mock galaxy catalogue, we
searched for massive ( 5 10) fossil
groups in the Millennium Simulation Galaxy Catalogue. In addition, attempted to
identify observed fossil groups in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6
using identical selection criteria. Our predictions on the basis of the
simulation data are:(a) fossil groups comprise about 5.5% of the total
population of groups/clusters with masses larger than 5 x 10. This fraction is consistent with the fraction of fossil groups
identified in the SDSS, after all observational biases have been taken into
account; (b) about 88% of the dominant central objects in fossil groups are
elliptical galaxies that have a median R-band absolute magnitude of , which is typical of the observed fossil groups known in the
literature; (c)first-ranked galaxies of systems with 5 x 10, regardless of whether they are either fossil or
non-fossil, are mainly formed by gas-poor mergers; (d) although fossil groups,
in general, assembled most of their virial masses at higher redshifts in
comparison with non-fossil groups, first-ranked galaxies in fossil groups
merged later, i.e. at lower redshifts, compared with their non-fossil-group
counterparts. We therefore expect to observe a number of luminous galaxies in
the centres of fossil groups that show signs of a recent major merger.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
Abundances of metal-weak thick-disc candidates
High resolution spectra of 5 candidate metal-weak thick-disc stars suggested
by Beers & Sommer-Larsen (1995) are analyzed to determine their chemical
abundances. The low abundance of all the objects has been confirmed with
metallicity reaching [Fe/H]=-2.9. However, for three objects, the astrometric
data from the Hipparcos catalogue suggests they are true halo members. The
remaining two, for which proper-motion data are not available, may have
disc-like kinematics. It is therefore clear that it is useful to address
properties of putative metal-weak thick-disc stars only if they possess full
kinematic data. For CS 22894-19 the abundance pattern similar to those of
typical halo stars is found, suggesting that chemical composition is not a
useful discriminant between thick-disc and halo stars. CS 29529-12 is found to
be C enhanced with [C/Fe]=+1.0; other chemical peculiarities involve the s
process elements: [Sr/Fe]=-0.65 and [Ba/Fe]=+0.62, leading to a high [Ba/Sr]
considerably larger than what is found in more metal-rich carbon-rich stars,
but similar to LP 706-7 and LP 625-44 discussed by Norris et al (1997a).
Hipparcos data have been used to calculate the space velocities of 25 candidate
metal-weak thick-disc stars, thus allowing us to identify 3 bona fide members,
which support the existence of a metal-poor tail of the thick-disc, at variance
with a claim to the contrary by Ryan & Lambert (1995).Comment: to be published in MNRA
Neuromotor Noise, Error Tolerance and Velocity-Dependent Costs in Skilled Performance
In motor tasks with redundancy neuromotor noise can lead to variations in execution while achieving relative invariance in the result. The present study examined whether humans find solutions that are tolerant to intrinsic noise. Using a throwing task in a virtual set-up where an infinite set of angle and velocity combinations at ball release yield throwing accuracy, our computational approach permitted quantitative predictions about solution strategies that are tolerant to noise. Based on a mathematical model of the task expected results were computed and provided predictions about error-tolerant strategies (Hypothesis 1). As strategies can take on a large range of velocities, a second hypothesis was that subjects select strategies that minimize velocity at release to avoid costs associated with signal- or velocity-dependent noise or higher energy demands (Hypothesis 2). Two experiments with different target constellations tested these two hypotheses. Results of Experiment 1 showed that subjects chose solutions with high error-tolerance, although these solutions also had relatively low velocity. These two benefits seemed to outweigh that for many subjects these solutions were close to a high-penalty area, i.e. they were risky. Experiment 2 dissociated the two hypotheses. Results showed that individuals were consistent with Hypothesis 1 although their solutions were distributed over a range of velocities. Additional analyses revealed that a velocity-dependent increase in variability was absent, probably due to the presence of a solution manifold that channeled variability in a task-specific manner. Hence, the general acceptance of signal-dependent noise may need some qualification. These findings have significance for the fundamental understanding of how the central nervous system deals with its inherent neuromotor noise
A dynamical and kinematical model of the Galactic stellar halo and possible implications for galaxy formation scenarios
We re-analyse the kinematics of the system of blue horizontal branch field
(BHBF) stars in the Galactic halo (in particular the outer halo), fitting the
kinematics with the model of radial and tangential velocity dispersions in the
halo as a function of galactocentric distance r proposed by Sommer-Larsen,
Flynn & Christensen (1994), using a much larger sample (almost 700) of BHBF
stars. The basic result is that the character of the stellar halo velocity
ellipsoid changes markedly from radial anisotropy at the sun to tangential
anisotropy in the outer parts of the Galactic halo (r greater than approx 20
kpc). Specifically, the radial component of the stellar halo's velocity
ellipsoid decreases fairly rapidly beyond the solar circle, from approx 140 +/-
10 km/s at the sun, to an asymptotic value of 89 +/- 19 km/s at large r. The
rapid decrease in the radial velocity dispersion is matched by an increase in
the tangential velocity dispersion, with increasing r.
Our results may indicate that the Galaxy formed hierarchically (partly or
fully) through merging of smaller subsystems - the 'bottom-up' galaxy formation
scenario, which for quite a while has been favoured by most theorists and
recently also has been given some observational credibility by HST observations
of a potential group of small galaxies, at high redshift, possibly in the
process of merging to a larger galaxy (Pascarelle et al 1996).Comment: Latex, 16 pages. 2 postscript figures. Submitted to the Astrophysical
Journal. also available at http://astro.utu.fi/~cflynn/outerhalo.htm
Influence of Population III stars on cosmic chemical evolution
New observations from the Hubble ultra deep field suggest that the star
formation rate at z>7 drops off faster than previously thought. Using a newly
determined star formation rate for the normal mode of Population II/I stars
(PopII/I), including this new constraint, we compute the Thomson scattering
optical depth and find a result that is marginally consistent with WMAP5
results. We also reconsider the role of Population III stars (PopIII) in light
of cosmological and stellar evolution constraints. While this input may be
needed for reionization, we show that it is essential in order to account for
cosmic chemical evolution in the early Universe. We investigate the
consequences of PopIII stars on the local metallicity distribution function of
the Galactic halo (from the recent Hamburg/ESO survey of metal-poor stars) and
on the evolution of abundances with metallicity (based on the ESO large program
on very metal-poor stars), with special emphasis on carbon-enhanced metal-poor
stars. Our most important results show that the nucleosynthetic yields of
PopIII stars lead to abundance patterns in agreement with those observed in
extremely metal-poor stars. In this chemical approach to cosmic evolution,
PopIII stars prove to be a compulsory ingredient, and extremely metal-poor
stars are inevitably born at high redshift. (Abridged)Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, MNRAS in pres
Saccadic Eye Movements Minimize the Consequences of Motor Noise
The durations and trajectories of our saccadic eye movements are remarkably stereotyped. We have no voluntary control over these properties but they are determined by the movement amplitude and, to a smaller extent, also by the movement direction and initial eye orientation. Here we show that the stereotyped durations and trajectories are optimal for minimizing the variability in saccade endpoints that is caused by motor noise. The optimal duration can be understood from the nature of the motor noise, which is a combination of signal-dependent noise favoring long durations, and constant noise, which prefers short durations. The different durations of horizontal vs. vertical and of centripetal vs. centrifugal saccades, and the somewhat surprising properties of saccades in oblique directions are also accurately predicted by the principle of minimizing movement variability. The simple and sensible principle of minimizing the consequences of motor noise thus explains the full stereotypy of saccadic eye movements. This suggests that saccades are so stereotyped because that is the best strategy to minimize movement errors for an open-loop motor system
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