Les évêques français et le concile Vatican II

Durante el Concilio Vaticano ii, el episcopado francés formó parte de la mayoría. El análisis de su organización y de sus métodos de trabajo es necesario para conocer su aportación –con frecuencia menos conocida que la de los teólogos franceses–, a la obra común. Las nuevas fuentes, surgidas de los fondos diocesanos, que deben ser confrontadas con los comentarios editados por los peritos (Congar, de Lubac), permiten una visión más global sobre el grupo de los padres conciliares obispos. Los dinamismos individuales (Liénart, Garrone, Ancel, Guerry, Elchinger) se pueden apreciar mejor desde esta perspectiva. Esta presentación conciliar no descuida la situación de la Iglesia en Francia marcada en 1964-1965 por los primeros efectos de la crisis

Composition and vertical flux of particulate organic matter to the oxygen minimum zone of the central Baltic Sea: impact of a sporadic North Sea inflow

Particle sinking is a major form of transport for photosynthetically fixed carbon to below the euphotic zone via the biological carbon pump (BCP). Oxygen (O2) depletion may improve the efficiency of the BCP. However, the mechanisms by which O2 deficiency can enhance particulate organic matter (POM) vertical fluxes are not well understood. Here, we investigate the composition and vertical fluxes of POM in two deep basins of the Baltic Sea (GB: Gotland Basin and LD: Landsort Deep). The two basins showed different O2 regimes resulting from the intrusion of oxygen-rich water from the North Sea that ventilated the water column below 140&thinsp;m in GB, but not in LD, during the time of sampling. In June 2015, we deployed surface-tethered drifting sediment traps in oxic surface waters (GB: 40 and 60&thinsp;m; LD: 40 and 55&thinsp;m), within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; GB: 110&thinsp;m and LD: 110 and 180&thinsp;m) and at recently oxygenated waters by the North Sea inflow in GB (180&thinsp;m). The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the different O2 conditions in the water column of GB and LD affected the composition and vertical flux of sinking particles and caused differences in export efficiency between those two basins. The composition and vertical flux of sinking particles were different in GB and LD. In GB, particulate organic carbon (POC) flux was 18&thinsp;% lower in the shallowest trap (40&thinsp;m) than in the deepest sediment trap (at 180&thinsp;m). Particulate nitrogen (PN) and Coomassie stainable particle (CSP) fluxes decreased with depth, while particulate organic phosphorus (POP), biogenic silicate (BSi), chlorophyll a (Chl a) and transparent exopolymeric particle (TEP) fluxes peaked within the core of the OMZ (110&thinsp;m); this coincided with the presence of manganese oxide-like (MnOx-like) particles aggregated with organic matter. In LD, vertical fluxes of POC, PN and CSPs decreased by 28&thinsp;%, 42&thinsp;% and 56&thinsp;%, respectively, from the surface to deep waters. POP, BSi and TEP fluxes did not decrease continuously with depth, but they were higher at 110&thinsp;m. Although we observe a higher vertical flux of POP, BSi and TEPs coinciding with abundant MnOx-like particles at 110&thinsp;m in both basins, the peak in the vertical flux of POM and MnOx-like particles was much higher in GB than in LD. Sinking particles were remarkably enriched in BSi, indicating that diatoms were preferentially included in sinking aggregates and/or there was an inclusion of lithogenic Si (scavenged into sinking particles) in our analysis. During this study, the POC transfer efficiency (POC flux at 180&thinsp;m over 40&thinsp;m) was higher in GB (115&thinsp;%) than in LD (69&thinsp;%), suggesting that under anoxic conditions a smaller portion of the POC exported below the euphotic zone was transferred to 180&thinsp;m than under reoxygenated conditions present in GB. In addition, the vertical fluxes of MnOx-like particles were 2 orders of magnitude higher in GB than LD. Our results suggest that POM aggregates with MnOx-like particles formed after the inflow of oxygen-rich water into GB, and the formation of those MnOx–OM-rich particles may alter the composition and vertical flux of POM, potentially contributing to a higher transfer efficiency of POC in GB. This idea is consistent with observations of fresher and less degraded organic matter in deep waters of GB than LD.</p

Front face fluorescence spectroscopy and visible spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics have the potential to characterise ripening of Cabernet Franc grapes

The potential of front-face spectroscopy for grape ripening dates discrimination was investigated on Cabernet Franc grapes from three parcels located on the Loire Valley and for six ripening dates. The 18 batches were analysed by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy and visible spectroscopy. The excitation spectra (250–310 nm, emission wavelength = 350 nm) were characterised by a shoulder at 280 nm. Grapes spectra were classified by factorial discriminant analysis (FDA). Ripening dates were well predicted by fluorescence spectra: grapes before veraison were separated from grapes after veraison and almost every ripening date was identified. The common spectroscopic space obtained by CCSWA showed that wavelengths corresponding to anthocyanin absorption in the visible were correlated to fluorescence wavelengths around the starting and ending points of the shoulder (263 and at 292 nm). Then, regression models were investigated to predict total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity, malvidin-3G, total anthocyanins and total phenolics content from visible and fluorescence spectra. To predict technological indicators (TSS and total acidity), the PLS model with visible spectra (RMSECV = 0.82°Brix or 0.96 g L−1 H2SO4) was better than those with fluorescence one (RMSECV = 1.39°Brix or 2.06 g L−1 H2SO4). For malvidin-3G and total anthocyanins, all R c 2 and R cv 2 were superior to 0.90 and RMSECV were low. Visible and fluorescence spectroscopies succeeded in predicting anthocyanin content. Concerning total phenolic, the best prediction was provided by fluorescence spectroscopy