94 research outputs found

    Investigação farmacoepidemiológica do uso do clonazepam no distrito sanitário leste em Natal-RN

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    Prescription errors are the most serious type of medication errors found in the health system. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of clonazepam prescriptions. A descriptive and observational study with retrospective data collection was conducted at 30 community pharmacies in Natal/RN, Brazil, after informed consent was obtained from the pharmacists. A sample of 313 prescription notifications was randomly collected in October 2009. They were analyzed for legible handwriting and completeness. During the study, one researcher, two pharmacists, and one pharmacy undergraduate student evaluated patient and purchaser identification, pharmaceutical form, dosing regimen, administration route, and prescription by generic name. This research was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee. Among the 313 collected notifications, only 44.1% were legible. A total of 55.91% (175/313) had at least one illegible item, 100% contained incomplete information, and 97.12% (304/313) contained one or more abbreviations. The proportion of illegible handwriting related to the patient s identification (p=0.0001) was statistically significantly greater than that related to the drug purchaser s identification (p=0.0004). Contrary to legal requirements, prescriptions with the generic name accounted for 13.42% (42/313) of the total. All the examined notifications were handwritten. Prescription errors, which potentially can have serious consequences, have been evaluated worldwide, although little is known about this subject as it relates to community pharmacies. This study showed high percentages of prescribing problems, which justifies the development of future research about medication errors in community pharmacies and education activities for prescribersOs erros de prescrição são os mais sérios tipos de erros de medicação encontrados no sistema de saúde. Sendo assim, o principal objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das notificações de receita de clonazepam. Um estudo descritivo e observacional, com coleta retrospectiva de dados, foi conduzido em 30 farmácias comunitárias no município de Natal/RN, Brasil. Após a obtenção do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido por parte dos farmacêuticos comunitários, uma amostra de 313 notificações de receita de clonazepam foi aleatoriamente coletada em Outubro de 2009. As notificações foram analisadas quanto à legibilidade e completude de informações. Durante o estudo, uma comissão, constituída por um dos pesquisadores, dois farmacêuticos e um estudante de graduação em farmácia, avaliou os seguintes parâmetros: identificação do paciente e comprador do medicamento, forma farmacêutica, posologia, via de administração e prescrição pela denominação genérica. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Dentre 313 notificações de receita de clonazepam coletadas, apenas 44,1% apresentaram-se legíveis. Um total de 55,91% (175/313) demonstrou pelo menos um dado ilegível, 100% continham informações incompletas e 97,12% (304/313) possuíam uma ou mais abreviaturas. A proporção de ilegibilidade relacionada à caligrafia da identificação do paciente (p=0,0001) foi estatisticamente mais significante que a relacionada à caligrafia da identificação do comprador do medicamento (p=0,0004). Contrariando dispositivos legais, a prescrição pela denominação genérica ocorreu em apenas 13,42% (42/313) do total. Todas as notificações de receita examinadas estavam escritas à mão. Os erros de prescrição, que potencialmente podem levar a sérias consequências, têm sido mundialmente estudados, embora pouco seja conhecido no âmbito da farmácia comunitária. Esse estudo mostrou elevados percentuais de problemas relacionados à prescrição, o que justifica o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras sobre erros de medicação em farmácias comunitárias e de atividades de ensino para os prescritore

    O discurso do episcopado visigótico sobre a morte no século VII: normatização e legitimidade

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    Os reinos germânicos consolidam-se como unidades politicamente independentes no período de transição da Antiguidade para a Idade Média, momento em que emergem novas relações de poder e instrumentos de reorganização social. Neste período, o discurso eclesiástico tem papel destacado, uma vez que afirma tanto a necessidade de organização do que é entendido como Igreja, como também legitima e reforça a identidade dos novos agentes políticos. Neste contexto buscamos refletir sobre as relações de poder no reino visigodo, com ênfase no processo de normatização proposto pela alta hierarquia eclesiástica no século VII. Assim, estabelecendo um diálogo comparado, objetivamos neste trabalho discutir a recorrência do discurso sobre a morte nos escritos do episcopado visigodo no referido contexto e sua relação com a legitimidade simbólica da elite clerical

    Nucleic Acid-based Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

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    In this chapter, the immense contribution of nucleic acid discovery to the diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of pathogenic microorganisms and its relevance for veterinary and human health will be discussed. The development of nucleic acid detection, amplification, and sequencing techniques, principally after the introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allowed the improvement of different strategies to diagnose and to quantify infectious microbiological agents in a variety of organisms and biological samples. Pos-PCR associated techniques such as fragment enzyme restriction and sequence analysis permit the determination of nucleic acid sequence diversity to detect drug resistance, to associate pathogen genetic markers with disease outcome, and to predict temporal and spatial distribution of microorganisms which can be used to prevent and treat infectious diseases efficiently

    Prevalence and risk factors of inadequate medicine home storage: a community-based study

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    OBJECTIVE: Assess the extent of inadequate home storage of medicines andidentify important risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey based on a probability sample in the community, conducted in 267 households in Cuité, State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil, in 2014. Logistic regression was used to study the risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of households with inadequate storage was 76.0%. Problems with storage include direct exposure to sunlight in 10.9% of households, the presence of dust in 23.6%, and storage within reach of children in 76.0%. Medications no longer used are usually disposed of into the environment in 92.1% of households. Inadequate storage is more likely when home organization of medications is the responsibility of a male subject (OR = 1.729) or an older person (OR = 1.029), when out of date medicines are found (OR = 2.963), and in households with no children (OR = 2.088). CONCLUSIONS: Physicians and pharmacists should advise patients on how to adequately store medicines at home, especially when the person in charge of medications is a male or an older adult, and if there are no children in the household

    Effects of beet juice supplementation in different concentrations and the importance of nitric oxide in endurance runners

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    More and more beetroot has been highlighted in sports, mainly in long-term aerobic modalities, due to its high concentration of nitrate (NO3- ), being an important precursor of nitric oxide (NO), providing an improvement in sports performance. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute ingestion of beetroot juice (BR), rich in NO3- in different concentrations in endurance exercise, evaluating performance, glycemic, cardiorespiratory and urinary responses of amateur runners. We hypothesized that BR would increase glucose uptake, minimize VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake), improve exercise economy and runners' performance. Nineteen male amateur runners were exposed to two conditions, ingestion of BR and PL (placebo), the individuals were divided into three groups (minimum, average and maximum concentration), being submitted to a 30-minute running test at maximum intensity, on a racetrack. Pre and posttest blood and urine samples were collected to determine glucose uptake, NO2- (nitrite) excretion, urinary pH and urinary density. Cooper's test also performed in order to assess VO2max. The main posttest results showed that through nitrite excretion there was a reduction of nitrate to nitric oxide (0 ± 0 vs 0.94 ± 0.23, P <0.05 (pre vs post)), increase in glucose uptake (139.94 ± 35.02 vs 122.88 ± 37.69, P <0.05 (PL vs BR)) and VO2max improvement(54.96 ± 6.87 vs 55.99 ± 6.88, P <0.05 (PL vs BR))], coinciding with the increase in physical performance (2972.63 ± 308.84 vs 3018.95 ± 309.29, P <0.05 (PL vs BR))]. The results found observed that beet supplementation in amateur runners increased glucose uptake, improved VO2max and running performance

    PRÁTICAS AMBIENTAIS NO PARQUE ECOLÓGICO BOSQUE DOS PAPAGAIOS, BOA VISTA/RR / ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES IN THE PARQUE ECOLÓGICO BOSQUE DOS PAPAGAIOS, BOA VISTA/RR

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    The city of Boa Vista/RR has green spaces that can play a vital role in its population quality of life, as these spaces provide the best coexistence with the urban space. Analyzing institutional area Ecological Park Bosque Parrots (PEBP) in Boa Vista / RR, has the general objective to understand what the environmental perception awakened in the park visitor, which unfolds in the following specific objectives: (i) verify what are the practices aimed at environmental education; (Ii) identify and map the flow of visitors; and (iii) discuss whether these practices work as transformative environmental perception of PEBP visitors. The methodology consists of primary data collection, interviews with employees PEBP and analysis of developed environmental education practices. It was concluded that the PEBP acts as no formal environmental education space through ecopedagógicas training practices and contributes to form individuals aware of their role in society through the precepts of environmental education Transformative

    Criptococcose: revisão sistemática dos casos ocorridos no Brasil entre 1995-2005

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    The paper performs a systematic revision of clinical cases of patients with cryptococcosis in Brazil. We selected 13 papers printed in PUBMED, from 1995 to 2005. Nine papers refer to clinical cases in regions Central-East, South and Southeast, and three in regions North and Northeast. We studied the several authors, year, locality, number of clinical cases, agent, signals and symptoms, correlated diseases, immune response and outcome. The major cases of cryptococcosis in regions South, Southwest and Central-East occurred in patients with Aids. The cases of Criptococcus neoformans gattii occurred mainly in Northeast. The signals and symptoms of the infection are related to problems in central nervous system and lungs. The outcome of cryptococcosis cases described in the literature is reduced probably due to co-infection with Aids.Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica a respeito dos casos clínicos de criptococose ocorridos no Brasil. Foram selecionados trabalhos publicados na PUBMED, entre os anos de 1995 e 2005, totalizando 13 publicações, nas quais se encontram casos clínicos em pacientes com ou sem AIDS. Nove desses estudos ocorreram nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste, e três deles envolvem a região Norte e Nordeste. Foram verificadas as seguintes variáveis: autor (es), ano, localidade, número de casos investigados, agente(s) etiológico(s), sinais e sintomas, doença isolada ou associada, resposta imune e desfecho. Pôde-se constatar que a maior parte dos casos relatados ocorreu como co-infecção associada a Aids, sendo o agente etiológico mais freqüente o Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (sorotipos A e D). Esses casos foram encontrados com maior prevalência nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. A ocorrência de C neoformans var. gattii (sorotipos B e C) está relacionada com áreas endêmicas, localizadas na região Norte e Nordeste. Os sinais e sintomas afetam, principalmente, o Sistema Nervoso Central e os pulmões. Os casos relatados na literatura apresentam limitações quanto ao desfecho da criptococose, possivelmente, devido ao fato de a patologia se desenvolver, principalmente, como uma co-infecção relacionada à Aids

    Erliquiose no Brasil

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    Ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by rickettsial organisms belonging to the genus Ehrlichia. In Brazil, molecular and serological studies have evaluated the occurrence of Ehrlichia species in dogs, cats, wild animals and humans. Ehrlichia canis is the main species found in dogs in Brazil, although E. ewingii infection has been recently suspected in five dogs. Ehrlichia chaffeensis DNA has been detected and characterized in mash deer, whereas E. muris and E. ruminantium have not yet been identified in Brazil. Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by E. canis appears to be highly endemic in several regions of Brazil, however prevalence data are not available for several regions. Ehrlichia canis DNA also has been detected and molecularly characterized in three domestic cats, and antibodies against E. canis were detected in free-ranging Neotropical felids. There is serological evidence suggesting the occurrence of human ehrlichiosis in Brazil but its etiologic agent has not yet been established. Improved molecular diagnostic resources for laboratory testing will allow better identification and characterization of ehrlichial organisms associated with human ehrlichiosis in Brazil.Erliquiose é uma doença causada por rickettsias pertencentes ao gênero Ehrlichia. No Brasil, estudos sorológicos e moleculares têm avaliado a ocorrência de espécies de Ehrlichia em cães, gatos, animais selvagens e seres humanos. Ehrlichia canis é a principal espécie em cães no Brasil, embora a infecção por E. ewingii tenha, recentemente, despertado suspeita em cinco cães. O DNA de E. chaffeensis foi detectado e caracterizado em cervo-do-pantanal, enquanto que E. muris e E. ruminantium ainda não foram identificadas no Brasil. A erliquiose monocítica canina causada pela E. canis parece ser altamente endêmica em muitas regiões do Brasil, embora dados de prevalência não estejam disponíveis em muitas delas. O DNA de E. canis também foi detectado e caracterizado em três gatos domésticos, enquanto anticorpos contra E. canis foram detectados em felídeos neotropicais de vida livre. Evidências sorológicas sugerem a ocorrência de erliquiose humana no Brasil, entretanto, o agente etiológico ainda não foi identificado. A melhoria do diagnóstico molecular promoverá a identificação e caracterização de espécies associadas à erliquiose humana no Brasil

    Diacutaneous fibrolysis versus passive stretching after articular immobilisation : muscle recovery and extracellular matrix remodelling

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    Introduction Atrophy and muscle shortening due to articular immobilisation are common problems in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Muscle stretching mechanical stimuli might be considered as the golden standard procedure to improve muscle flexibility in rehabilitation. Muscle stretching generates mechanotransduction, potentiating specific gene expression and promotes sarcomerogenesis and extracellular matrix remodelling on shortened and atrophied muscles. Hypothesis Diacutaneous fibrolysis, like stretching, uses an external force to stress connective and muscle tissues mechanically to treat muscle shortening; thus, it is widely used in clinical practice even if there is no evidence to support it. Considering this subject, we have hypothesised that diacutaneous fibrolysis can generate mechanotransduction, affecting muscle hypertrophy and extracellular matrix remodelling after immobilisation. Evaluation of hypothesis We have designed a laboratory experimental study with a sample of 50 rats. The sample was randomly divided into five groups: Control group (n = 10) with non–immobilised rats; 3–week immobilisation group (n = 10); 3–week immobilisation/3–week non–immobilisation group (n = 10);3–week immobilisation/3–week stretching group (n = 10); and 3–week immobilisation/3–week diacutaneous fibrolysis group (n = 10). All rats had their left tibiotarsal joint immobilised in maximum plantar flexion with the orthotics for 3 consecutive weeks. After the immobilisation period, the intervention groups received their respective intervention on their left triceps suralis for 3 weeks. Dependent variables of the study were sarcomere analysis, polymerase chain reaction, connective tissue density, collagen birefringence and matrix metalloproteinases. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc test was applied for differences between groups. For all calculations, a 5% (p < 0.05) significance level was established. Conclusion If the hypothesis is confirmed, the present study might provide evidence to support the use of this physical therapy resource widely used to treat muscle dysfunctions

    SANEAMENTO RURAL: PESQUISA DE OPINIÃO E PROPOSIÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIAS PARA TRATAMENTO DE ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO E ANIMAL EM UMA PROPRIEDADE RURAL

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    O Saneamento Básico no Brasil é um direito de todos, entretanto, nem toda a população tem acesso à água potável, coleta e tratamento adequado do esgoto sanitário, coleta e manejo de resíduos sólidos e infraestrutura de drenagem pluvial. No ambiente rural, a precariedade desses serviços é ainda mais evidente. Neste contexto, os sistemas descentralizados de tratamento de esgoto sanitário apresentam-se como alternativas viáveis para fomentar a melhoria do saneamento rural no Brasil. Nesse contexto, um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa de opinião com proprietários rurais do município de Luz – MG para mapear as condições de saneamento básico rural. Adicionalmente, foram dimensionados biodigestores e fossa séptica seguida de fossa verde para tratamento de efluentes animal e doméstico, respectivamente, de uma fazenda do município, atrelando o dimensionamento ao estudo da viabilidade energética dessas alternativas de tratamento. Na pesquisa de opinião, observou-se a necessidade de conscientização dos proprietários rurais acerca da implementação tratamento de esgoto adequado, da potabilidade da água consumida e do descarte correto dos resíduos sólidos. Para o estudo&nbsp;de caso da fazenda, três biodigestores (68 m³ cada) foram dimensionados para o tratamento do rejeito animal, com produção de 866,41 m³ de biogás/mês. Já para o tratamento do esgoto doméstico, dimensionou-se fossa séptica (volume útil de 1,4 m³) seguida de fossa verde (9,2 m³). Desta forma, a conscientização da população associada à apresentação de alternativas tecnológicas de saneamento é uma forma efetiva de melhorar o índice brasileiro de saneamento na área rural
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