Los bienes públicos del medio ambiente: el reto de la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales en la Unión Europea

Ante la próxima celebración de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo sostenible, en Río de Janeiro, en junio de 2012, la Comunidad internacional ha de reflexionar sobre la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales y los modelos sostenibles de producción y consumo. La ONU en el marco del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio ambiente y de la Comisión para el Desarrollo Sostenible ha estudiado su impacto en términos económicos, sociales y medioambientales e intenta buscar respuestas a través del nuevo concepto de economía verde. La Unión Europea es el actor internacional que ha presentado propuestas a nivel interno e internacional para promover un modelo sostenible de gestión de los recursos naturales que le permita dar el paso hacia una economía verde, a la vez que le garantice el aprovisionamiento energético y de recursos naturales para su producción industria

The Global Compact for safe, orderly and regular migration: a Soft Law instrument for management of migration respecting human rights

The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration was adopted on 11 December 2018 by 163 States at the Marrakesh Intergovernmental Conference and, days later, was endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in its Resolution 73/195. This Compact, together with the Compact for Refugees, addresses a low intensity normative action through soft law with which the States want to adopt common "rules" for "human mobility in the 21st century", while preserving their sovereignty. However, States proclaim their sovereignty on the subject. This instrument of soft law must serve as a reference for the exercise of sovereign powers in aspects that have hitherto belonged to the domaine reservé of the State, such as those relating to the management of regular migration, although it also regulates its reverse with the control of (un)safe, (un)orderly and irregular migration. It will also guide multilateral cooperation within the United Nations and the International Organization for Migration. This article will analyse the scope and legal nature of this instrument as well as its capacity to generate a model for the management of migratory flows that at the same time preserves human rights.Le Pacte mondial pour des migrations sûres, ordonnées et régulières a été adopté le 11 décembre 2018 par 163 États lors de la Conférence intergouvernementale de Marrakech et, quelques jours plus tard, a été approuvé par l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies dans sa résolution 73/195. Ce pacte, ainsi que le pacte pour les réfugiés, traite d'une action normative de faible intensité par le biais de la soft law avec laquelle les États veulent adopter des "règles" communes pour "la mobilité humaine au XXIe siècle", tout en préservant leur souveraineté. Toutefois, les États proclament leur souveraineté en la matière. Cet instrument de soft law doit servir de référence pour l'exercice des pouvoirs souverains dans des aspects qui appartenaient jusqu'à présent au domaine réservé de l'État, comme ceux relatifs à la gestion de la migration régulière, bien qu'il réglemente également son inverse avec le contrôle de la migration (non)sûre, (dés)ordonnée et irrégulière. Il orientera également la coopération multilatérale au sein des Nations Unies et de l'Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations. Cet article analysera la portée et la nature juridique de cet instrument ainsi que sa capacité à générer un modèle de gestion des flux migratoires qui préserve en même temps les droits de l'homme.El Pacto Mundial por una Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular fue adoptado el pasado 11 de Diciembre de 2018 por 163 Estados en la Conferencia intergubernamental de Marraquech y, días más tarde, fue endosado por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en su Resolución 73/195. Este Pacto, junto con el Pacto por los Refugiados, afronta una acción normativa de baja intensidad a través del soft law con la que los Estados quieren adoptar unas “reglas” comunes para la “movilidad humana en el Siglo XXI”, al tiempo que preservar su soberanía. Este instrumento de soft law ha de servir de referencia para el ejercicio de las competencias soberanas en aspectos hasta ahora pertenecientes al domaine reservé del Estado, como los relativos a la gestión de las migraciones regulares aunque igualmente regule su reverso con el control de la migración (in)segura, (des)ordenada e irregular. También guiará la cooperación multilateral en el seno de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y de la Organización Internacional de las Migraciones. Este artículo analizará el alcance y la naturaleza jurídica de este instrumento así como su capacidad de generar un modelo para la gestión de los flujos migratorios que al mismo tiempo preserve los derechos humanos

Wolf (Dis)Protection in Spain: Exceptions to the Rules in the Berne Convention and in The Habitats Directive as a Conservation and Management Tool

The announcement that Spain was going to ban wolf hunting throughtout its territory has been the trigger to reopen the debate on the wolf and its conservation and management status. In Europe, the unexpected success of wolf conservation policies has led to the wolf being considered as a pest or a species detrimental to agriculture and livestock farming. This perception of predators is present in and inspires the reservations and exceptions to the rules of the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and those of the Habitats Directive of the European Union, which provide for different protection statuses and management regimes. Exceptions to these rules allow some states to prohibit wolf hunting and others to allow it in order to avoid escalating conflicts with humans. Although this 'rule of law of biodiversity',  guarantees legal protection for the wolf, in practice a serious lack of compliance has been revealed, which is one of the threats to the wolf. A study of the application of these exceptions in Spain and the case law of the Spanish courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union suggests that the legalisation of hunting cannot serve to remedy this compliance deficit when there are alternatives. These may include criminal or administrative prosecution of their violation.The announcement that Spain was going to ban wolf hunting throughtout its territory has been the trigger to reopen the debate on the wolf and its conservation and management status. In Europe, the unexpected success of wolf conservation policies has led to the wolf being considered as a pest or a species detrimental to agriculture and livestock farming. This perception of predators is present in and inspires the reservations and exceptions to the rules of the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and those of the Habitats Directive of the European Union, which provide for different protection statuses and management regimes. Exceptions to these rules allow some states to prohibit wolf hunting and others to allow it in order to avoid escalating conflicts with humans. Although this 'rule of law of biodiversity',  guarantees legal protection for the wolf, in practice a serious lack of compliance has been revealed, which is one of the threats to the wolf. A study of the application of these exceptions in Spain and the case law of the Spanish courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union suggests that the legalisation of hunting cannot serve to remedy this compliance deficit when there are alternatives. These may include criminal or administrative prosecution of their violation

To criminalise or not to criminalise IUU fishing: The EU’s choice

The fight against the global phenomenon of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is carried out through a wide variety of international, regional and national instruments, although its effectiveness is not sufficient in view of the results obtained. The search for the most effective solution is currently under way. Among the possible models to adopt, some countries, such as Norway and Indonesia, have advocated for the criminalisation of IUU fishing. The EU has also opted for a management-based model to combat IUU fishing that relies on administrative sanctions, also leaving its Member States the option of adopting criminal sanctions. Subsequently, in the proposed recast Directive on environmental crime, the EU has not recognised IUU fishing as an either an environmental or autonomous crime, unless it converges with transnational organised crime and other associated crimes in the fisheries sector. The EU has promoted its model in non-member countries, and has contributed towards paving the way to a level playing field which comprises the most authoritative set of international legal instruments on IUU fishing, both soft and hard, established by the UN and FAO. Nevertheless, discussions are ongoing on the need to reform EU legal instruments to better contribute to the sustainable use of marine resources in the 21st century in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals as foreseen in the EU Green Deal.Spanish State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation PID2020-117379GB-I00European Commission PID2019-109680RB-I00Universidad de Granada/CBU

Social violence and video games

Vivimos en un mundo violento, políticamente imperialista, económicamente neoliberal y culturalmente manipulador. En este contexto, plantear si los videojuegos provocan actitudes violentas puede parecer irónico, pues todos los medios (también los videojuegos) forman parte de este escenario. Si bien no existe una relación causa-efecto entre las actitudes violentas y el uso de estos programas, si parece existir entre una mayor conducta agresiva y el uso/abuso de videojuegos violentos. Esta es la temática que se aborda en el presente artículo, al final del cual se presentan algunas líneas de actuación educativas para el uso de este software.We live in a violent, politically imperialistic, economically neoliberal and culturally manipulating world. In this context, posing if video games cause violent attitudes may seem ironic, since all media (video games included) take part of this scene. Although there is no cause-effect relationship between the violent attitudes and these programmes usage, there seem to be one between a higher level in aggresive behaviour and the usage/misuse of violent video games. This is the subject analysed in this article, at