A “morte” nos desenhos infantis exibidos nos canais abertos de televisão

A pesquisa investigou o tema da ‘morte' nos desenhos infantis, exibidos pelos canais de tevê aberta. A escolha do deve-se ao fato de perceber que os desenhos dão muita ênfase a violência, mas exibem pouco a morte pelo fato dela chocar. A literatura tem apontado uma indisposição desta sociedade para com a questão. Teóricos sociais como Ariès (1989), Elias (2001), Giddens (1991, 1997), Morin (1970), Kübler-Ross (2000) têm dito que nossa sociedade interditou o assunto do cotidiano e que as crianças são impedidas do contato direto com o fenômeno. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa e pelo método da Análise de Conteúdo. Entre os procedimentos metodológicos, constam: pesquisa bibliográfica, clipagem de desenhos animados, comparação entre os programas e imagens, e confrontação do que foi observado com o que as teorias têm apresentado. Palavras-chave: Desenhos infantis, televisão, morte Abstract: The research has investigated the 'death' theme in cartoons, shown on open TV channels. The choice is based on the perception of the fact that cartoons give a lot of emphasis to violence, but show little about death because it is shocking. The literature has pointed out an unwillingness of society to address this issue.  Social theoreticians as Ariès (1989), Elias (2001), Giddens (1997), Kübler-Ross (2000) have said that our society has cut off the matter from our day-by-day lives, and children are prevented from having direct contact with the phenomenon. For the development of the research, it was decided to use a qualitative approach and a Content Analysis approach. The methodological procedures include: literature review, clips of cartoons, comparison of shows, and relationship between what has been observed and what the theories have presented.  Keywords: cartoons, television, death

Innovative Metallic Microfluidic Device for Intensified Biodiesel Production

We present a strategy for intensified biodiesel production in a novel metallic microdevice. Additive manufacturing using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) was employed to build the metallic device consisting of multiple micro reactors monolithically integrated with multiple micro heat exchangers. This device allows high conversion rate of biodiesel production with concomitant use of the rejected heat from external source to enhance the reaction temperature and, thereby, its output. The biodiesel production was carried out using soybean oil, ethanol and NaOH as the catalyst. The influences of the reaction temperature and the residence time in the biodiesel production was examined. Biodiesel yield increased with the reaction temperature and a rate of conversion of 99.6% was achieved with a reactor residence time of less than 35 seconds. The work opens up a pathway to exploit waste heat to intensify biodiesel production and contribute significantly to global sustainability

Photosynthetic quantum efficiency in south‐eastern Amazonian trees may be already affected by climate change

Tropical forests are experiencing unprecedented high‐temperature conditions due to climate change that could limit their photosynthetic functions. We studied the high‐temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis in a rainforest site in southern Amazonia, where some of the highest temperatures and most rapid warming in the Tropics have been recorded. The quantum yield (F v /F m ) of photosystem II was measured in seven dominant tree species using leaf discs exposed to varying levels of heat stress. T 50 was calculated as the temperature at which F v /F m was half the maximum value. T 5 is defined as the breakpoint temperature, at which F v /F m decline was initiated. Leaf thermotolerance in the rapidly warming southern Amazonia was the highest recorded for forest tree species globally. T 50 and T 5 varied between species, with one mid‐storey species, Amaioua guianensis , exhibiting particularly high T 50 and T 5 values. While the T 50 values of the species sampled were several degrees above the maximum air temperatures experienced in southern Amazonia, the T 5 values of several species are now exceeded under present‐day maximum air temperatures

Presença de sintomatologia de desidratação após o exercício físico em academia do município de São Paulo

Durante a prática da atividade física ocorre a elevação da temperatura corporal e perda de líquidos, e caso não haja reposição adequada pode ser desencadeada desidratação, que prejudica o desempenho físico e produz risco para a saúde. Dada a importância da hidratação na atividade física, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a presença de sintomas relacionados à desidratação em praticantes de diferentes tipos de aulas aeróbicas em uma academia de São Paulo, entre agosto e setembro de 2014. A amostra foi composta por 48 mulheres com idade média de 43,4 anos (DP=11,0), frequentadoras de Power Jump, Body Combatâ„¢ e CXWORXâ„¢, todas com aproximadamente 45 minutos de duração. As participantes responderam a um questionário sobre hidratação e sintomatologia da sede com 10 perguntas objetivas. Nas respostas ao questionário percebeu-se que a maioria das avaliadas (89,6%) relataram que hidratavam-se, rotineiramente, durante as aulas, sendo a água o único líquido consumido. O sintoma mais citado foi a sede (60,4%), sendo que a aula de CXWORXâ„¢ apresentou o maior percentual de mulheres com sensação de “boca seca†(50%) e sede (75%). Mesmo dentre as 21 alunas (43,6%) que consideraram os treinos com intensidade “leve e moderadaâ€, 71,4% (n=15) delas descreveram sede, indicando um grau inicial de desidratação. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que talvez haja inadequação no consumo de líquidos das mulheres, devido aos sintomas, mesmo que leves. Assim, é necessário conscientizá-las quanto à importância de uma hidratação adequada na prática da atividade física, sendo o profissional nutricionista o mais apropriado para este fim.ABSTRACTPresence of dehydration symptomatology after physical exercise at gym São PauloDuring physical activity the elevation of body temperature and fluid loss occurs and if there is no adequate replacement, dehydration may happen which impairs at physical performance and produces health risks. Given the importance of hydration in physical activity the aim of this study was to verify the presence of dehydration symptoms in women that practices different types of aerobic activities at a gym academy in São Paulo, between august and September of 2014. The sample consisted of 48 women with mean age of 43.4 years (SD=11.0) who attended Power Jump, Body Combatâ„¢ and CXWORXâ„¢, all with 45 minutes. The participants answered a questionnaire about hydration and thirst symptomatology composed by 10 objective questions. The questionnaire responses showed that the majority of the women evaluated (89.6%) reported that hydration was made as a routine during the classes, and that water was the only liquid consumed. The symptom most often cited was the thirst (60.4%), and the class CXWORXâ„¢ presented the highest prevalence of women that described "dry mouth" (50%) and thirst (75%). Even among the 21 women (43.6%) that felt that the training had "mild to moderate†intensity, 71.4% (n=15) described thirst, indicating an initial degree of dehydration. The results showed that there might be an inadequate fluid intake in these women, due to the presented symptoms, even mild ones. Thus, it is necessary to educate them and make them aware of the importance of the proper hydration in physical activity, being the professional nutritionist most suitable for this purpose

Higher IL-10 levels are associated with less effective clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites

The implications of high levels of the immune regulatory cytokine IL-10 in Plasmodium falciparum malaria are unclear. IL-10 may down-regulate pro-inflammatory responses and also exacerbate disease by inhibiting anti-parasitic immune functions. To study possible inhibiting effects on parasite clearance, IL-10 plasma levels were determined in 104 Tanzanian children, 1 to 4 years old, with acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, and analysed for association with parasite densities during 3 days of anti-malarial treatment. Higher baseline IL-10 plasma levels were associated with statistically significantly higher parasite densities after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment. These associations could not be explained by differences in initial parasitaemia, temperature, age, sex or type of treatment. Induction of high IL-10 production might be a direct or indirect mechanism whereby the parasite evades the immune response

Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs

Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs

Sialic Acid Glycobiology Unveils Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigote Membrane Physiology.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the flagellate protozoan agent of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, is unable to synthesize sialic acids de novo. Mucins and trans-sialidase (TS) are substrate and enzyme, respectively, of the glycobiological system that scavenges sialic acid from the host in a crucial interplay for T. cruzi life cycle. The acquisition of the sialyl residue allows the parasite to avoid lysis by serum factors and to interact with the host cell. A major drawback to studying the sialylation kinetics and turnover of the trypomastigote glycoconjugates is the difficulty to identify and follow the recently acquired sialyl residues. To tackle this issue, we followed an unnatural sugar approach as bioorthogonal chemical reporters, where the use of azidosialyl residues allowed identifying the acquired sugar. Advanced microscopy techniques, together with biochemical methods, were used to study the trypomastigote membrane from its glycobiological perspective. Main sialyl acceptors were identified as mucins by biochemical procedures and protein markers. Together with determining their shedding and turnover rates, we also report that several membrane proteins, including TS and its substrates, both glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, are separately distributed on parasite surface and contained in different and highly stable membrane microdomains. Notably, labeling for α(1,3)Galactosyl residues only partially colocalize with sialylated mucins, indicating that two species of glycosylated mucins do exist, which are segregated at the parasite surface. Moreover, sialylated mucins were included in lipid-raft-domains, whereas TS molecules are not. The location of the surface-anchored TS resulted too far off as to be capable to sialylate mucins, a role played by the shed TS instead. Phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase-C activity is actually not present in trypomastigotes. Therefore, shedding of TS occurs via microvesicles instead of as a fully soluble form

Multiferroicity in an organic charge-transfer salt: Electric-dipole-driven magnetism

Multiferroics, showing simultaneous ordering of electrical and magnetic degrees of freedom, are remarkable materials as seen from both the academic and technological points of view. A prominent mechanism of multiferroicity is the spin-driven ferroelectricity, often found in frustrated antiferromagnets with helical spin order. There, similar to conventional ferroelectrics, the electrical dipoles arise from an off-centre displacement of ions. However, recently a different mechanism, namely purely electronic ferroelectricity, where charge order breaks inversion symmetry, has attracted considerable interest. Here we provide evidence for this exotic type of ferroelectricity, accompanied by antiferromagnetic spin order, in a two-dimensional organic charge-transfer salt, thus representing a new class of multiferroics. Quite unexpectedly for electronic ferroelectrics, dipolar and spin order arise nearly simultaneously. This can be ascribed to the loss of spin frustration induced by the ferroelectric ordering. Hence, here the spin order is driven by the ferroelectricity, in marked contrast to the spin-driven ferroelectricity in helical magnets.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures (including 4 pages and 6 figures in supplementary information). Version 2 with minor errors corrected (legend of Fig. 3c and definition of vectors e and Q

Age-dependent effect of high-fructose and high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney of rats.

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by variable coexistence of metabolic and pathophysiological alterations which are important risk factors for developing of type II diabetes and/or cardiovascular diseases. Increased of MS patients in worldwide has stimulated the development of experimental models. However, it is still challenging to find an dietetic model that most closely approximates human MS and, in addition, is not yet fully established the effect of different diets of MS in lipid metabolism in rats of different ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different diets of MS in lipid metabolism and ectopic fat deposition and define the most appropriate diet for inducing the characteristic disturbances of the human MS in rats of different ages. Methods: Young (4 weeks old) and adult rats (12 weeks old) were given a high-fat (FAT) or high-fructose diet (FRU) for 13 weeks and biochemical, physiological, histological and biometric parameters were evaluated. Results: In young rats, the FAT diet induced increased mean blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), body weight after 6 to 10 weeks, and in the 13th week, increased the liver, mesenteric, retroperitoneal and epididymal fat weights,fasting glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and reduced HDL cholesterol; and also induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and renal inflammatory infiltrates. In adult rats, the FRU diet induced transient elevations of MAP and HR in the 6th week, and, at 13 weeks, increased fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST and ALT; increased liver, kidneys and retroperitoneal fat weights; and induced macrovesicular and microvesicular NAFLD, the presence of fat cells in the kidney, glomerular sclerosis, and liver and kidney inflammation. Additionally, the FAT and FRU diets induced, respectively, increases in liver glycogen in adults and young rats. Conclusions: Our data show that FRU diet in adult rats causes biggest change on metabolism of serum lipids and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney, while the FAT diet in young rats induces elevation of MAP and HR and higher increased visceral lipid stores, constituting the best nutritional interventions to induce MS in rats