DEFENSE BUDGET FLEXIBILITY AND CONTROL: HOW THE U.S. AND BRAZILIAN SYSTEMS STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN THE TWO

A recurrent challenge affecting defense budgeting systems across federalist nations is balancing budget flexibility and legislative control of military appropriations execution. There has been considerable debate over the unique nature of defense expenditure and how it reflects fiscal considerations. While budget revisions are necessary to maintain flexibility due to the broad scope of the defense budget and the handling of unforeseen events, adherence to financial goals and accountability for what was allowed by the legislative impose control over military expenditures, restricting the military's versatility in carrying out its appropriations. This project offers why balancing flexibility and control is crucial for both parties to achieve their objectives during the budget execution stage. Then, it determines the attributes that indicate an effective control system and adequate budget flexibility. Finally, it contrasts flexibility tools and control activities between the United States and Brazil. This project analyzes constitutional or other legal authority disparities between the legislature, chief executive, military, treasury, and other actors involved in budgeting systems and defense budget implementation to accomplish these goals. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO), Congressional Research Service (CRS), Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the National Treasury of Brazil (STN), the Federal Budget Secretary (SOF), and other reports are reviewed.Capitao-Tenente, Brazilian NavyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

Os guardados da viscondessa: fotografia e memória na coleção Ribeiro de Avellar

This paper discusses the theme of family life when Brazil was an empire, using the\ud methodological approach of microhistory and by analyzing personal documents that belonged\ud to the Ribeiro de Avellar family, who were wealthy landowners and proprietors of coffee\ud plantations and slaves in Paty do Alferes, located in the Paraíba River Valley of the Province of\ud Rio de Janeiro. The author focused on the analysis of photographic portraits in order to reflect\ud upon the different means of circulation of images and the prevailing family ideal at the tim

Revista do Museu Paulista e(m) capas: identidade e representação institucional em texto e imagem

Este artigo propõe reflexão sobre a escrita da história, a partir de estudo das capas da Revista do Museu Paulista, especialmente durante as gestões dos dois primeiros diretores da instituição, quando certa continuidade editorial foi preservada. Tomadas como "fontes", ou seja, objeto de trabalho do historiador, as capas revelam vestígios de processos que permitem reconstruir, em suas dimensões históricas, as complexas imbricações entre a produção da Revista, sua materialidade, e os atos de leitura e interpretação que condicionam e refletem relações entre produtores de textos e seus leitores nas primeiras décadas do século XX, a partir de São Paulo, onde era editada.This paper offers a reflection about the writing of History, based on the study of Revista do Museu Paulista's covers, noticeably during the term of its two first directors, when a certain editorial continuity was preserved. Taken as "sources", namely as historian subjects, those covers reveal evidences of practices that allow one to reconstitute, in its historic dimensions, the complex connection between the creation of the Revista, its materiality, and the reading and interpretation efforts that condition and reflect liaisons with writers and readers during the first decades of the XXth Century, from São Paulo, where it was published.

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Aguas del Iténez o Guaporé

Bolivia y Brasil comparten una de las cuencas más atractivas y preservadas de la te-giuri amazônica: la cuenca del rio llénez o Guaporé, que escurre tanto sobre el lecho rocoso del Escudo Precámbrico Brasilefto como sobre las Hanuras del Beni. Estas influencias hacen que la cuenca del iténez tenga una elevada heterogeneidad de habitats, una fauna acuálica peculiar y un alto valor de conservation. Este patrimo­nio binacional posée un potencial importante para la conservación de la diversidad regional y cl dcsar rollo sostcniblc participativo de las comunidades locales. El libro contiene un resumen del conotimìento de la cuenca y sus recursos, generado en los últimos 10 anos por un equipo de investigadores bolivianos, brasilefios y de otras nacionalidades. Se presenta una descripeión del medio fisico, así como resultados relevantes sobre la biodiversidad acuática, con énfasis en algas, peces, reptiles y mamíferos. El aporte más notable del libro, adernas de la descripeión ecológica del ecosistema, son las lecciones aprendidas que surgieron de experiências locales sobre la élaboration participativa de herramientas para la gestion de los recursos hidrobiológicos.A Bolívia e o Brasil compartilham uma das bacias hidrográficas mais atrativas e preservadas da região amazônica: a bacia do Rio Iténez ou Guaporé. A combinação das influências do escudo pré-cambriano brasileiro e da planícies do Beni é uma das razões pela qual existem na região elevada heterogeneidade de habitats, fauna aquática peculiar e alto grau valor dc conservação. Eslc patrimônio binacional possui potencial significativo para a conservação da diversidade regional e desenvolvimento sustentável participativo das comunidades locais. O livro contém um resumo do conhecimento da bacia e seus recursos, gerado nos últimos dez anos por uma equipe de pesquisadores bolivianos, brasileiros e de outras nacionalidades. Apresentamos uma descrição do meio físico, bem como resultados relevantes da biodiversidade aquática, com ênfase em algas, peixes, répteis e mamíferos. A contribuição mais notável do livro, além da descrição ecológica do ecossistema, é a descrição das lições aprendidas que surgiram a partir de experiências locais sobre elaboração participativa de ferramentas para a gestão dos recursos aquáticos presentes nesta bacia