A importância do farmacêutico clínico no uso racional de antibióticos em unidades de terapia intensiva

O farmacêutico clínico intensivista representa um profissional que transmite segurança para os pacientes usuários de medicamentos, referência para as equipes multiprofissionais e melhoria da economia para os hospitais. Nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) os antibióticos são uma classe de medicamentos amplamente utilizados, necessitando de prescrição racional para a diminuição das taxas de resistências, e aumentando a eficácia no tratamento das infecções hospitalares. O estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a atuação do farmacêutico clínico no uso de antibióticos e no combate à resistência bacteriana em UTI. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS), Science Direct e PubMed entre os meses de agosto a novembro de 2020, utilizando estudos obtidos através das combinações dos descritores: “cuidados farmacêuticos, UTI e antibióticos”; “cuidados farmacêuticos e UTI”; “atenção farmacêutica, farmacorresistência e UTI”. O farmacêutico clínico possui a responsabilidade e importância de analisar as prescrições que envolvem antibióticos e identificar os problemas que possam prejudicar o tratamento medicamentoso. Além disso o seu conhecimento sobre o uso racional dos antibióticos é uma peça fundamental numa equipa de profissionais de UTI. O profissional farmacêutico é o mais indicado para fornecer informações a respeito dessa classe de medicamentos. A participação do farmacêutico clínico na UTI face ao uso de antibióticos, envolve atividades como acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico, conciliação de medicamentos, identificação de interações medicamentosas, reações adversas, ajuste de dose, avaliação de prescrição, resolução de problemas relacionados aos medicamentos e participação do gerenciamento de antimicrobianos

Phenobarbital loaded microemulsion: development, kinetic release and quality control

This study aimed to obtain and characterize a microemulsion (ME) containing phenobarbital (PB). The PB was incorporated in the proportion of 5% and 10% in a microemulsion system containing Labrasol(r), ethanol, isopropyl myristate and purified water. The physicochemical characterization was performed and the primary stability of the ME was evaluated. An analytical method was developed using spectrophotometry in UV = 242 nm. The kinetics of the in vitro release (Franz model) of the ME and the emulsion (EM) containing PB was evaluated. The incorporation of PB into ME at concentrations of 5 and 10% did not change pH and resistance to centrifugation. There was an increase in particle size, a decrease of conductivity and a change in the refractive index in relation to placebo ME. The ME remained stable in preliminary stability tests. The analytical method proved to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Regarding the kinetics of the in vitro release, ME obtained an in vitro release profile greater than the EM containing PB. Thus, the obtained ME has a potential for future transdermal application, being able to compose a drug delivery system for the treatment of epilepsy.O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter e caracterizar uma microemulsão (ME) contendo fenobarbital (FEN). O FEN foi incorporado na proporção de 5% e 10% em um sistema microemulsionado composto por labrasol(r), etanol, miristato de isopropila e água purificada. Foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e avaliada a estabilidade preliminar da ME. Desenvolveu-se um método analítico por espectrofotometria em UV = 242 nm. Foi avaliada a cinética de liberação in vitro (em modelo de Franz) da ME e da emulsão (EM) contendo FEN. A incorporação do FEN em ME nas concentrações de 5 e 10% não alterou o pH e a resistência à centrifugação. Houve aumento do tamanho da partícula, redução da condutividade e alteração do índice de refração em relação à ME placebo. A ME manteve-se estável nos ensaios de estabilidade preliminar. O método analítico demonstrou ser específico, linear, preciso, exato e robusto. Na cinética de liberação in vitro, a ME obteve um perfil de liberação in vitro superior a EM contendo FEN. Desta forma, a ME obtida tem potencial para uma futura aplicação transdérmica, podendo compor um sistema de liberação de fármacos para tratamento da epilepsia

Phenobarbital loaded microemulsion: development, kinetic release and quality control

ABSTRACT This study aimed to obtain and characterize a microemulsion (ME) containing phenobarbital (PB). The PB was incorporated in the proportion of 5% and 10% in a microemulsion system containing Labrasol(r), ethanol, isopropyl myristate and purified water. The physicochemical characterization was performed and the primary stability of the ME was evaluated. An analytical method was developed using spectrophotometry in UV = 242 nm. The kinetics of the in vitro release (Franz model) of the ME and the emulsion (EM) containing PB was evaluated. The incorporation of PB into ME at concentrations of 5 and 10% did not change pH and resistance to centrifugation. There was an increase in particle size, a decrease of conductivity and a change in the refractive index in relation to placebo ME. The ME remained stable in preliminary stability tests. The analytical method proved to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Regarding the kinetics of the in vitro release, ME obtained an in vitro release profile greater than the EM containing PB. Thus, the obtained ME has a potential for future transdermal application, being able to compose a drug delivery system for the treatment of epilepsy

Chemistry and Biological Activities of Terpenoids from Copaiba (Copaifera spp.) Oleoresins

Copaiba oleoresins are exuded from the trunks of trees of the Copaifera species (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae). This oleoresin is a solution of diterpenoids, especially, mono- and di-acids, solubilized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The sesquiterpenes and diterpenes (labdane, clerodane and kaurane skeletons) are different for each Copaifera species and have been linked to several reported biological activities, ranging from anti-tumoral to embriotoxic effects. This review presents all the substances already described in this oleoresin, together with structures and activities of its main terpenoids

Microemulsions containing Copaifera multijuga Hayne oil-resin: Challenges to achieve an efficient system for \uce\ub2-caryophyllene delivery

\uce\ub2-Caryophyllene (\uce\ub2-CP) is a bioactive sesquiterpene abundant in copaiba oil-resin (COR), which is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine; however, its instability due to the presence of unsaturations is an obstacle to the use of COR in its natural form. Therefore, the development of a system for \uce\ub2-CP delivery, like the one proposed herein for the first time, may protect it and preserve its therapeutic action. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed in this study to obtain COR-containing nanocarriers. Two microemulsions (MEs) were obtained, namely a) ME-I containing (% w/w) 47.1 water, 8.5 Plurol Oleique, 33.8 Labrasol and 10.6 COR and b) ME-II containing (% w/w) 39.0 water, 18.3 Plurol Oleique, 36.6 Labrasol and 6.1 COR. Both MEs showed physicochemical properties suitable for a delivery system such as pH 5.25-5.74, conductivity of 79.5\ue2\u80\u93120.9 \uce\ubcS cm\ue2\u88\u921and slightly negative Zeta potential (-3.57/-2.63 mV). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the nanometric size of MEs droplets, differential scanning calorimetry their oil/water nature, while refractive indices clarity and isotropicity. Both systems behaved as Newtonian fluids and exhibited low viscosity (64.42 \uc2\ub1 0.667 mPa.s for ME-I and 118.78 \uc2\ub1 0.503 mPa.s for ME-II). After COR incorporation in MEs, steam distillation allowed obtaining \uce\ub2-CP contents depending on their initial COR amount. The pharmacological effectiveness of these innovating systems for \uce\ub2-CP delivery was confirmed by antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity tests. ME-II afforded a stronger antimicrobial effect against all target microorganisms than ME-I and a much stronger one than COR. Carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat paw was visibly inhibited by MEs