Storage dynamics in hydropedological units control hillslope connectivity, runoff generation, and the evolution of catchment transit time distributions

Acknowledgments We thank the European Research Council (ERC; project GA 335910 VEWA) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC; project NE/K000268/1) for funding. We would like to thank Konrad Piegat for invaluable help with the fieldwork. Iain Malcolm and staff at Marine Scotland (Pitlochry) are also thanked for the provision of data from the AWS. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Stream water age distributions controlled by storage dynamics and nonlinear hydrologic connectivity : Modeling with high-resolution isotope data

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Resistance and resilience to droughts : hydropedological controls on catchment storage and run-off response

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Jonathan Dick, Maria Blumstock, Claire Tunaley and Jason Lessels for assistance with the field work and Audrey Innes for lab sample preparation. Climatic data were provided by Iain Malcolm and Marine Scotland Fisheries at the Freshwater Lab, Pitlochry. Additional precipitation and temperature data were provided by the UK Meteorological Office and the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC). We are grateful for the careful and constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers that helped to improve an earlier version of this manuscript. The European Research Council ERC (project GA 335910) is thanked for funding.Peer reviewedPostprin

Using geophysical surveys to test tracer-based storage estimates in headwater catchments

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Stian Bradford, Chris Gabrielli, and Julie Timms for practical and logistical assistance. The provision of transport by Iain Malcolm and Ross Glover of Marine Scotland Science was greatly appreciated. We also thank the European Research Council ERC (project GA 335910 VEWA) for funding through the VeWa project and the Leverhulme Trust for funding through PLATO (RPG-2014-016).Peer reviewedPostprin

Procedure-related risk of miscarriage following chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis

Objective: The objective of our study was to estimate the procedure-related risks of miscarriage following CVS and amniocentesis in a large unselected screened and to determine whether these risks are consistent with those reported in systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study undertaken at a large Fetal Medicine Unit in the United Kingdom during the period of January 2009 to May 2018. We included all singleton pregnancies that booked at our unit before 20 weeks after excluding those with multiple pregnancies, major fetal defects, terminations and lost to follow-up. We estimated the risk of miscarriage in those that had a CVS or amniocentesis as well as those that did not have any invasive procedure, to estimate the procedure-related risk as a risk-difference (95% confidence interval [CI]). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to derive odds ratios (OR) (95%CI) and determine which maternal and pregnancy characteristics provided a significant contribution in prediction of miscarriage and whether CVS or amniocentesis provided a significant independent. Results: During the study period, there were 45,120 singleton pregnancies, including 1,546 that had an invasive procedure. We excluded 1,429 pregnancies (3.2%), due to fetal defects, termination of pregnancy or those with missing outcomes. In pregnancies that underwent CVS, the risk of miscarriage was 1.5% (13/861), compared to 1.2% (476/39,152) in pregnancies that did not have a procedure (p=0.437). In pregnancies that underwent an amniocentesis, the risk of miscarriage was 0.8% (3/375), compared to 1.2% (491/42,463) in those that did not (p=0.520). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that there was no significant prediction to the risk of miscarriage from CVS (p=0.399; p=0.592, respectively) or amniocentesis (p=0.543; p=0.550, respectively). The risk of procedure-related loss attributed to CVS was 0.29% (95%CI: -0.53-1.12) and that following amniocentesis was -0.36% (95%CI: -1.26-0.55), which was not significantly different from those that did not have any procedure. Conclusion: The procedure-related risks of miscarriage following CVS and amniocentesis are considerably lower than currently quoted. The estimates of risks based on our study are 0.29% for CVS and -0.36 for amniocentesis

Computational Modeling and Reverse Engineering to Reveal Dominant Regulatory Interactions Controlling Osteochondral Differentiation: Potential for Regenerative Medicine

The specialization of cartilage cells, or chondrogenic differentiation, is an intricate and meticulously regulated process that plays a vital role in both bone formation and cartilage regeneration. Understanding the molecular regulation of this process might help to identify key regulatory factors that can serve as potential therapeutic targets, or that might improve the development of qualitative and robust skeletal tissue engineering approaches. However, each gene involved in this process is influenced by a myriad of feedback mechanisms that keep its expression in a desirable range, making the prediction of what will happen if one of these genes defaults or is targeted with drugs, challenging. Computer modeling provides a tool to simulate this intricate interplay from a network perspective. This paper aims to give an overview of the current methodologies employed to analyze cell differentiation in the context of skeletal tissue engineering in general and osteochondral differentiation in particular. In network modeling, a network can either be derived from mechanisms and pathways that have been reported in the literature (knowledge-based approach) or it can be inferred directly from the data (data-driven approach). Combinatory approaches allow further optimization of the network. Once a network is established, several modeling technologies are available to interpret dynamically the relationships that have been put forward in the network graph (implication of the activation or inhibition of certain pathways on the evolution of the system over time) and to simulate the possible outcomes of the established network such as a given cell state. This review provides for each of the aforementioned steps (building, optimizing, and modeling the network) a brief theoretical perspective, followed by a concise overview of published works, focusing solely on applications related to cell fate decisions, cartilage differentiation and growth plate biology. Particular attention is paid to an in-house developed example of gene regulatory network modeling of growth plate chondrocyte differentiation as all the aforementioned steps can be illustrated. In summary, this paper discusses and explores a series of tools that form a first step toward a rigorous and systems-level modeling of osteochondral differentiation in the context of regenerative medicine

Water sources for root water uptake : Using stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen as a research tool in agricultural and agroforestry systems

DP was supported by the autonomous Province of Bozen-Bolzano and Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy [grant number B83G13000420003]; JG was supported by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland [grant reference: RIG008284] and the UK Natural Environment Research Council [grant numbers: NE/N007611/1 and NE/S009167/1].Peer reviewedPostprin

Prarancangan Pabrik Butadiena Dari Dehidrogenasi Butana Menggunakan Proses Haudry Dengan Kapasitas 126.000 Ton/Tahun

Indonesia pada saat ini sedang berada pada tahap yang penting dalam memasuki era industrialisasi. Untuk itu pemerintah Indonesia melakukan pengembangan dalam berbagai bidang industri. Salah satu industri yang mempunyai prospek cukup menjanjikan dan mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya adalah industri karet sintetis. Penggunaan karet sintesis mulai menggeser karet alam karena karet sintesis lebih baik sifat fisisnya seperti lebih tahan cuaca, tahan asam, dan lebih kuat. Bahan baku karet sintesis adalah senyawa butadiena. Pabrik direncanakan didirikan pada tahun 2022 di Bontang, Kalimantan Timur dengan kapasitas 126.000 ton/tahun. Pabrik bekerja secara kontinyu dalam 24 jam sehari dan 330 hari/tahun. Jumlah karyawan yang dipekerjakan sebanyak 149 orang. Proses produksi Butadiena di lakukan dengan pemutusan atom Hidrogen (Dehidrogenasi) pada butena, butana yang digunakan memiliki kemurnian 99,99%. Proses dehidrogenasi butana dilakukan didalam reaktor dehidrogenasi Fixed Bed Multitube dengan suhu mencapai 538oC dengan bantuan katalis AlO2 (Alumina) dan Cr2O3 (Cromina). Berdasarkan hasil analisa ekonomi, diperoleh Return on Investmen (ROI) sebesar 29.62 % . Pay Out Time (POT) sebesar 2.52 tahun. Break Even Point (BEP) sebesar 40.54 % . Dari hasil analisi ekonomi yang telah dilakukan dan batasan yang berlaku, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pabrik butadiena dari dehidrogenasi butana menggunakan proses houdry dengan kapasitas 126.000 ton/tahun dinilai layak didirikan karena memenuhi standar persyaratan pendirian suatu pabrik

Computational modeling of degradation process of biodegradable magnesium biomaterials

Despite the advantages of using biodegradable metals in implant design, their uncontrolled degradation and release remain a challenge in practical applications. A validated computational model of the degradation process can facilitate the tuning of implant biodegradation by changing design properties. In this study, a physicochemical model was developed by deriving a mathematical description of the chemistry of magnesium biodegradation and implementing it in a 3D computational model. The model parameters were calibrated using the experimental data of hydrogen evolution by performing a Bayesian optimization routine. The model was validated by comparing the predicted change of pH in saline and buffered solutions with the experimentally obtained values from corrosion tests, showing maximum 5% of difference, demonstrating the model's validity to be used for practical cases