Factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco entre adolescentes de escuela pública

Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco y su asociación con las variables sociodemográficas, iniciación sexual y vivencia de violencia doméstica en adolescentes escolares de la red pública de enseñanza de Guanambi, Bahía, Brasil. Método Estudio transversal, llevado a cabo con adolescentes. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante entrevistas guiadas por un instrumento estructurado y analizados conforme a la estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con regresión logística múltiple. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 370 adolescentes. La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco fue del 17,6% y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa con las variables: edad mayor que 15 años (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 – 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 – 4,37), no proferir religión (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 – 3,75), trabajar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 – 3,74), inicio de las actividades sexuales (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 – 21,33) y vivencia de violencia doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 – 3,28). Conclusión La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y las variables asociadas señalan la necesidad de estrategias de intervención en los grupos de adolescentes más vulnerables, con involucración familiar y auxilio de los profesionales de la educación y salud, en especial los enfermeros que actúan en la atención primaria.Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de consumo de cigarro e sua associação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, iniciação sexual e vivência de violência doméstica em adolescentes escolares da rede pública de ensino de Guanambi, Bahia, Brasil. Método Estudo transversal, realizado com adolescentes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas guiadas por um instrumento estruturado, e analisados conforme estatística descritiva e inferencial, com regressão logística múltipla. Resultados Participaram do estudo 370 adolescentes. A prevalência de consumo de cigarro foi de 17,6% e houve associação estatisticamente significante com as variáveis: idade maior que 15 anos (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 – 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 – 4,37), não proferir religião (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 – 3,75), trabalhar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 – 3,74), início das atividades sexuais (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 – 21,33) e vivência de violência doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 – 3,28). Conclusão A prevalência do consumo de cigarro e as variáveis associadas apontam para a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção nos grupos de adolescentes mais vulneráveis, com envolvimento familiar e auxílio dos profissionais da educação e saúde, em especial os enfermeiros que atuam na atenção primária.Objective Estimating the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its association with sociodemographic variables, sexual initiation and experience with domestic violence among adolescents from public schools in Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil. Method A crosssectional study carried out with adolescents. Data were collected through interviews guided by a structured instrument, and analyzed according to descriptive and inferential statistics with multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 370 adolescents participated in the study. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 17.6% and a statistically significant association was observed between the variables: age over 15 years (PR = 5.63 and 95% CI: 1.33 – 23.85), males (PR = 2.53 and 95% CI: 1.47 – 4.37), no reported religion (PR = 1.93 and 95% CI: 0.99 – 3.75), working (PR = 2.17 and 95% CI: 1.25 – 3.74), onset of sexual activity (PR = 10.64 and CI= 95%: 5.31 – 21.33) and experience of domestic violence (PR = 3.61 and 95% CI: 2.07 – 3.28). Conclusion The prevalence of cigarette smoking and the associated variables point to the need for intervention strategies among more vulnerable groups of adolescents, encompassing family involvement and assistance from teachers and health professionals, in particular nurses working in Primary Care

ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE VIOLÊNCIA INTRAFAMILIAR E BULLYING EM ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARES

RESUMO OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência de violência intrafamiliar e sua associação com o bullying em adolescentes de uma escola pública de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. MATERIAIS E MÉTODO: estudo do tipo corte transversal. A coleta de dados, com 239 discentes, se deu por meio de formulário padronizado. Os dados foram processados no Programa Stata versão 12. RESULTADOS: verificou-se associação entre a vivência de violência intrafamiliar (geral e psicológica) e o alto risco para o bullying direto (RP = 1,89 e IC95%: 1,11 - 3,21; RP = 2,76 e IC95%: 1,57 - 4,85), relacional (RP = 2,59 e IC95%: 1,49 - 4,49; RP = 2,89 e IC95%: 1,64 - 5,09) e vitimização (RP = 2,02 e IC95%: 1,19 - 3,43; RP = 3,10 e IC95%: 1,71 - 5,64). CONCLUSÃO: a associação entre vivenciar violência intrafamiliar e bullying sinaliza para a necessidade de estratégias de prevenção, sobretudo a partir da articulação entre os cenários da saúde e da educação

Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19

Background: BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to “train” the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. We investigated whether a previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19./ Methods: A case-control study comparing the proportion with a BCG vaccine scar (indicating previous vaccination) in cases and controls presenting with COVID-19 to health units in Brazil. Cases were subjects with severe COVID-19 (O2 saturation < 90%, severe respiratory effort, severe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock). Controls had COVID-19 not meeting the definition of “severe” above. Unconditional regression was used to estimate vaccine protection against clinical progression to severe disease, with strict control for age, comorbidity, sex, educational level, race/colour, and municipality. Internal matching and conditional regression were used for sensitivity analysis./ Results: BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 74–93%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI − 44–71%) in older subjects./ Conclusions: This protection may be relevant for public health in settings where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is still low and may have implications for research to identify vaccine candidates for COVID-19 that are broadly protective against mortality from future variants. Further research into the immunomodulatory effects of BCG may inform COVID-19 therapeutic research.

Latin American Consensus Statement for the Use of Contrast-Enhanced Transcranial Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Test for Detection of Right-to-Left Shunt

Background: The role of patent foramen ovale is a field of debate and current publications have increasing controversies about the patients' management in young undetermined stroke. Work up with echocardiography and transcranial Doppler (TCD) can aid the decision with better anatomical and functional characterization of right-to-left shunt (RLS). Medical and interventional strategy may benefit from this information. Summary: a group of experts from the Latin American participants of the Neurosonology Research Group (NSRG) of World Federation of Neurology created a task force to review literature and describe the better methodology of contrast TCD (c-TCD). All signatories of the present consensus statement have published at least one study on TCD as an author or co-author in an indexed journal. Two meetings were held while the consensus statement was being drafted, during which controversial issues were discussed and voted on by the statement signatories. The statement paper was reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of the NSRG of the World Federation of Neurology. The main objective of this consensus statement is to establish a standardization of the c-TCD technique and its interpretation, in order to improve the informative quality of the method, resulting in expanding the application of TCD in the clinical setting. These recommendations optimize the comparison of different diagnostic methods and encourage the use of c-TCD for RLS screening and complementary diagnosis in multicenter studies

Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19

BACKGROUND: BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to "train" the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. We investigated whether a previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 METHODS: A case-control study comparing the proportion with a BCG vaccine scar (indicating previous vaccination) in cases and controls presenting with COVID-19 to health units in Brazil. Cases were subjects with severe COVID-19 (O2 saturation < 90%, severe respiratory effort, severe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock). Controls had COVID-19 not meeting the definition of "severe" above. Unconditional regression was used to estimate vaccine protection against clinical progression to severe disease, with strict control for age, comorbidity, sex, educational level, race/colour, and municipality. Internal matching and conditional regression were used for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 74-93%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI - 44-71%) in older subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This protection may be relevant for public health in settings where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is still low and may have implications for research to identify vaccine candidates for COVID-19 that are broadly protective against mortality from future variants. Further research into the immunomodulatory effects of BCG may inform COVID-19 therapeutic research

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio