INTRAFAMILY VIOLENCE WITNESSED AND EXPERIENCED BY SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS

Objective: to identify the forms, expressions, and the practitioners of intrafamily violence witnessed and/or experienced by adolescent students.Method: cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted in a public school in Salvador, Bahia - Brazil, with 230 adolescent students in November 2018. The database was archived using the Microsoft Excel program, and frequencies were measured using the chi-square test.Results: the study shows that 121 (52.6%) adolescents experience intra-family violence in psychological, physical, and sexual forms. Among the types of violence experienced by the adolescents, psychological (49.5%) and physical (55.7%) violence were most perpetrated by father/mother and sexual (75.9%) violence was commonly reported by other relatives.Conclusion: the findings of this study contribute to give visibility to the forms of expression of intrafamily violence experienced and witnessed by the child and youth population

Factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco entre adolescentes de escuela pública

Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco y su asociación con las variables sociodemográficas, iniciación sexual y vivencia de violencia doméstica en adolescentes escolares de la red pública de enseñanza de Guanambi, Bahía, Brasil. Método Estudio transversal, llevado a cabo con adolescentes. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante entrevistas guiadas por un instrumento estructurado y analizados conforme a la estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con regresión logística múltiple. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 370 adolescentes. La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco fue del 17,6% y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa con las variables: edad mayor que 15 años (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 – 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 – 4,37), no proferir religión (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 – 3,75), trabajar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 – 3,74), inicio de las actividades sexuales (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 – 21,33) y vivencia de violencia doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 – 3,28). Conclusión La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y las variables asociadas señalan la necesidad de estrategias de intervención en los grupos de adolescentes más vulnerables, con involucración familiar y auxilio de los profesionales de la educación y salud, en especial los enfermeros que actúan en la atención primaria.Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de consumo de cigarro e sua associação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, iniciação sexual e vivência de violência doméstica em adolescentes escolares da rede pública de ensino de Guanambi, Bahia, Brasil. Método Estudo transversal, realizado com adolescentes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas guiadas por um instrumento estruturado, e analisados conforme estatística descritiva e inferencial, com regressão logística múltipla. Resultados Participaram do estudo 370 adolescentes. A prevalência de consumo de cigarro foi de 17,6% e houve associação estatisticamente significante com as variáveis: idade maior que 15 anos (RP = 5,63 e IC = 95%: 1,33 – 23,85), sexo masculino (RP = 2,53 e IC = 95%: 1,47 – 4,37), não proferir religião (RP = 1,93 e IC = 95%: 0,99 – 3,75), trabalhar (RP = 2,17 e IC = 95%: 1,25 – 3,74), início das atividades sexuais (RP = 10,64 e IC= 95%: 5,31 – 21,33) e vivência de violência doméstica (RP = 3,61 e IC = 95%: 2,07 – 3,28). Conclusão A prevalência do consumo de cigarro e as variáveis associadas apontam para a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção nos grupos de adolescentes mais vulneráveis, com envolvimento familiar e auxílio dos profissionais da educação e saúde, em especial os enfermeiros que atuam na atenção primária.Objective Estimating the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its association with sociodemographic variables, sexual initiation and experience with domestic violence among adolescents from public schools in Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil. Method A crosssectional study carried out with adolescents. Data were collected through interviews guided by a structured instrument, and analyzed according to descriptive and inferential statistics with multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 370 adolescents participated in the study. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 17.6% and a statistically significant association was observed between the variables: age over 15 years (PR = 5.63 and 95% CI: 1.33 – 23.85), males (PR = 2.53 and 95% CI: 1.47 – 4.37), no reported religion (PR = 1.93 and 95% CI: 0.99 – 3.75), working (PR = 2.17 and 95% CI: 1.25 – 3.74), onset of sexual activity (PR = 10.64 and CI= 95%: 5.31 – 21.33) and experience of domestic violence (PR = 3.61 and 95% CI: 2.07 – 3.28). Conclusion The prevalence of cigarette smoking and the associated variables point to the need for intervention strategies among more vulnerable groups of adolescents, encompassing family involvement and assistance from teachers and health professionals, in particular nurses working in Primary Care

VIOLENCIA INTRAFAMILIAR PRESENCIADA Y EXPERIMENTADA POR ESTUDIANTES ADOLESCENTES

Objetivo: identificar las formas, las expresiones y los practicantes de la violencia intrafamiliar presenciada y/o experimentada por los escolares adolescentes.Método: estudio transversal, de carácter descriptivo, realizado en una escuela pública de Salvador, Bahía - Brasil, con 230 adolescentes escolares en noviembre de 2018. La base de datos se archivó con el programa Microsoft Excel, y las frecuencias se midieron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado.Resultados: el estudio muestra que 121 (52,6%) adolescentes experimentan violencia intrafamiliar de forma psicológica, física y sexual. Entre los tipos de violencia experimentados por los adolescentes, la psicológica (49,5%) y la física (55,7%) fueron las más comúnmente perpetradas por el padre/madre y la sexual (75,9%) fue comúnmente referida por otros familiares.Conclusión: los hallazgos de este estudio contribuyen a dar visibilidad a las formas de expresión de la violencia intrafamiliar vivida y presenciada por la población infantil y juvenil.

VIOLÊNCIA INTRAFAMILIAR PRESENCIADA E VIVENCIADA POR ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARES

Objetivo: identificar as formas, expressões e as(os) praticantes da violência intrafamiliar presenciada e/ou vivenciada por adolescentes escolares. Método: estudo de corte transversal, de cunho descritivo, realizado em uma escola pública de Salvador, Bahia – Brasil, com 230 adolescentes escolares em novembro de 2018. O banco de dados foi arquivado com utilização do programa Microsoft Excel, e as frequências foram mensuradas por meio do teste de qui-quadrado. Resultados: o estudo mostra que 121 (52,6%) adolescentes experienciam a violência intrafamiliar nas formas psicológica, física e sexual. Dentre os tipos de violência vivenciados pelos adolescentes, a psicológica (49,5%) e física (55,7%) foram mais perpetradas por pai/mãe e a sexual (75,9%) foi comumente referida por outros parentes. Conclusão: os achados deste estudo contribuem para dar visibilidade às formas de expressão da violência intrafamiliar vivenciada e presenciada pela população infantojuvenil

ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE VIOLÊNCIA INTRAFAMILIAR E BULLYING EM ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARES

RESUMO OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência de violência intrafamiliar e sua associação com o bullying em adolescentes de uma escola pública de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. MATERIAIS E MÉTODO: estudo do tipo corte transversal. A coleta de dados, com 239 discentes, se deu por meio de formulário padronizado. Os dados foram processados no Programa Stata versão 12. RESULTADOS: verificou-se associação entre a vivência de violência intrafamiliar (geral e psicológica) e o alto risco para o bullying direto (RP = 1,89 e IC95%: 1,11 - 3,21; RP = 2,76 e IC95%: 1,57 - 4,85), relacional (RP = 2,59 e IC95%: 1,49 - 4,49; RP = 2,89 e IC95%: 1,64 - 5,09) e vitimização (RP = 2,02 e IC95%: 1,19 - 3,43; RP = 3,10 e IC95%: 1,71 - 5,64). CONCLUSÃO: a associação entre vivenciar violência intrafamiliar e bullying sinaliza para a necessidade de estratégias de prevenção, sobretudo a partir da articulação entre os cenários da saúde e da educação

Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19

Background: BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to “train” the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. We investigated whether a previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19./ Methods: A case-control study comparing the proportion with a BCG vaccine scar (indicating previous vaccination) in cases and controls presenting with COVID-19 to health units in Brazil. Cases were subjects with severe COVID-19 (O2 saturation < 90%, severe respiratory effort, severe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock). Controls had COVID-19 not meeting the definition of “severe” above. Unconditional regression was used to estimate vaccine protection against clinical progression to severe disease, with strict control for age, comorbidity, sex, educational level, race/colour, and municipality. Internal matching and conditional regression were used for sensitivity analysis./ Results: BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 74–93%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI − 44–71%) in older subjects./ Conclusions: This protection may be relevant for public health in settings where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is still low and may have implications for research to identify vaccine candidates for COVID-19 that are broadly protective against mortality from future variants. Further research into the immunomodulatory effects of BCG may inform COVID-19 therapeutic research.

Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19

BACKGROUND: BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to "train" the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. We investigated whether a previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 METHODS: A case-control study comparing the proportion with a BCG vaccine scar (indicating previous vaccination) in cases and controls presenting with COVID-19 to health units in Brazil. Cases were subjects with severe COVID-19 (O2 saturation < 90%, severe respiratory effort, severe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock). Controls had COVID-19 not meeting the definition of "severe" above. Unconditional regression was used to estimate vaccine protection against clinical progression to severe disease, with strict control for age, comorbidity, sex, educational level, race/colour, and municipality. Internal matching and conditional regression were used for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 74-93%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI - 44-71%) in older subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This protection may be relevant for public health in settings where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is still low and may have implications for research to identify vaccine candidates for COVID-19 that are broadly protective against mortality from future variants. Further research into the immunomodulatory effects of BCG may inform COVID-19 therapeutic research

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost