The syntheses of the marine metabolites 3-bromoverongiaquinol and 5-monobromocavernicolin

An efficient synthesis of the marine metabolite 3-bromoverongiaquinol (1) and the first total synthesis of 5-monobromocavernicolin (2), both isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola, have been described based on the 1,2 addition of the lithium enolate of N,O-bistrimethylsilylacetamide (BSA, 4) to 1,4-benzoquinone (3). Bromination and purification of the crude product on silica gel chromatography provided 3-bromoverongiaquinol (1) in 50% overall yield. Under alkaline conditions, the crude product of the bromination reaction was converted to 5-monobromocavernicolin (2) in 20% yield which was also obtained in 13% yield (25% yield based on recovered starting material) from 3-bromoverongiaquinol (1).20422045Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Synthesis of 5-monobromocavernicolin and 3-bromoverongiaquinol : addition of carbon nucleophiles to cyclic oxonum ions under solvent-free conditions

Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise PilliDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de QuimicaResumo: A dissertação foi dividida em duas partes, a primeira trata da síntese de produtos naturais isolados de esponjas marinhas e a segunda parte trata de reações de adição de nucleófilos à íons oxônios cíclicos na ausência de solvente. A 5-monobromocavernicolina, isolada pela primeira vez em 1984 da esponja marinha Aplysina cavernicola por Pietra e colaboradores, foi recentemente isolada por Berlinck e colaboradores a partir da esponja Aplysina fulva, este foi o primeiro composto em forma quase racêmica (6% ee) isolado de um organismo marinho. O composto 3-bromoverongiaquinol também foi isolado a partir da esponja marinha Aplysina cavernicola, estudos biológicos mostraram que ambos os compostos apresentam atividade bactericida. Na síntese da 5-monobromocavernicolina realizou-se a reação de adição do tipo 1,2 do enolato de lítio de BSA à 1,4-benzoquinona obtendo-se o produto em 56%. Em seguida, realizou-se uma reação de bromoção na presença de bromo molecular, a purificação desta reação em coluna cromatográfica de sílica gel promoveu a eliminação de HBr fornecendo assim o produto 3-bromoverongiaquinol em 50% de rendimento global a partir da 1,4-benzoquinona, rendimento superior aos já relatados na literatura (2,5 e 6,3%). O bruto da reação de bromoção foi ciclizado em meio básico resultando na 5-monobromocavernicolina. Anéis tetraidropirânicos e tetraidrofurânicos com substituintes na posição 2 do anel estão presentes em muitos produtos naturais biologicamente ativos. Realizou-se as reações de adição de nucleófilos de carbono à íons oxônios cíclicos na presença de 20 mol% de tricloreto de índio em sistemas sem solvente, o que é ambientalmente favorável. Observou-se que quanto maior o valor de p a do nucleófilo melhores são os rendimentos e mais rápidas são as reaçõesAbstract: This dissertation is divided in two parts. The first part presents the synthesis of natural products isolated from marine sponges. The second part presents investigations on the addition of carbon nucleophiles to cyclic N-acyliminium and oxonium ions under solvent-free conditions. The natural product 5-monobromocavernicolin was isolated for the first time from the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola by Pietra and collaborators in 1984. The same compound was recently isolated by Berlinck and collaborators from the sponge Aplysina fulva. 5-monobromocavernicolin was the first compound isolated from a marine organism in a quasi-racemic form (6% ee). The compound 3-bromoverongiaquinol was also isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina cavernícola and biological studies showed that both compounds presents bactericidal activity. In the present investigation, the synthesis of 5-monobromocavernicolin was carried out by 1 ,2 addition of the BSA lithium enolate to 1,4-benzoquinone, to give the product in 56% yield. A bromation reaction was carried out with bromine and the purification of the corresponding product by silica gel column chromatography promoted elimination of HBr, provinding 3-bromoverongiaquinol in 50% of global yield from 1,4-benzoquinone. It's worth to mention that this yield is superior compared to those already reported in the literature (2,5 e 6,3%). The crude product of the bromation reaction was then cyclized in alkaline medium resulting in the formation of 5-monobromocavernicolin. The second part of this dissertation describes the preparation of tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans with substituents adjacent to the ring oxygen atom. Related compounds are frequently found in several biologically active natural products. The addition reaction of carbon nucleophiles to oxonium ions were investigated in the presence of InCl3 (20 mol%) and under solvent free conditions, an environmentally friendly procedure. It was observed that nucleophiles with higher p a values promote faster addition reaction in higher yieldsMestradoQuimica OrganicaMestre em Químic

Application of chemometric methods in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography analysis

Orientadores: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli, Fabio AugustoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de QuimicaResumo: Nesta tese, foram construídos modelos quimiométricos a partir de cromatogramas de diferentes amostras obtidos por cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente com detecção por ionização em chama (GC×GC-FID). Numa primeira aplicação, modelos foram desenvolvidos para identificar adulteração em gasolina. Para isso, uma amostra de gasolina não adulterada fornecida pela Agência Natural do Petróleo (ANP) foi utilizada na preparação de um conjunto de calibração e de um conjunto de validação de amostras de gasolinas adulteradas. Em seguida, o modelo construído foi utilizado para avaliar outras amostras de gasolinas e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os resultados obtidos pela ANP. Em um segundo estudo com gasolinas, 51 amostras foram fornecidas pela ANP juntamente com os resultados dos testes físico-químicos utilizados pela agência na avaliação da qualidade da gasolina. O objetivo deste estudo foi a elaboração de modelos quimiométricos utilizando dados de GC×GC-FID para a previsão de parâmetros físico-químicos de gasolina. Os métodos de seleção de variáveis siPLS e algoritmo genético foram utilizados na preparação de modelos para a previsão da temperatura de destilação a 10, 50 e 90 % v/v de destilado e no ponto final da destilação. Um modelo PLS foi construído para a previsão da densidade das amostras de gasolinas. Em um terceiro estudo, utilizando PARAFAC e GC×GC-FID, foi realizada a diferenciação entre amostras de gasolina do Brasil e da Venezuela, devido ao intenso contrabando de gasolina existente da Venezuela para o Brasil. Em uma quarta aplicação, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para seleção de intervalos em dados de ordem superior, o qual foi avaliado através da quantificação de alergênicos em perfumes. Por último, foi relatado o primeiro uso de MCR-ALS na construção de modelos quimiométricos utilizando-se dados obtidos por GC×GC-FID para quantificação de óleo essencial de alecrim em amostras complexas preparadas em laboratórioAbstract: In this thesis, some chemometric models were built using chromatograms of different kinds of samples obtained by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC×GC-FID). In the first application, models were developed to identify adulteration in commercial gasoline samples. A non-adulterated gasoline sample provided by the Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP) was used to build a calibration and a validation sample set of adulterated gasoline. Then, the built model was used to evaluate other gasoline samples and the obtained results were compared to the results obtained by ANP. In a second study with gasoline, 51 samples were supplied by ANP with the results of the physicochemical tests used by ANP to evaluate the quality of gasoline samples. The aim of this study was the elaboration of chemometric models using GC×GC-FID chromatograms to preview some of the physicochemical tests used by ANP. The variable selection siPLS and genetic algorithm methods were used to build multivariate models in order to preview the distillation temperatures of gasoline at 10, 50 and 90 % v/v of distillated and at the final point of the distillation. A PLS model was built to predict the density of the gasoline samples. In a third study, using PARAFAC and GC×GC-FID, it was performed the differentiation between Brazilian and Venezuelan gasoline, due to the intense smuggling of gasoline from Venezuela to Brazil. In a fourth application, an algorithm was developed for variable selection in multi-way data, which was evaluated by quantification of allergens in perfume. Finally, it was reported the first use of MCR-ALS algorithm to develop chemometric models using data obtained by GC×GC-FID to quantify rosemary essential oil in complex samples prepared in laboratoryDoutoradoQuimica AnaliticaDoutor em Ciência

The syntheses of the marine metabolites 3-bromoverongiaquinol and 5-monobromocavernicolin

An efficient synthesis of the marine metabolite 3-bromoverongiaquinol (1) and the first total synthesis of 5-monobromocavernicolin (2), both isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola, have been described based on the 1,2 addition of the lithium enolate of N,O-bistrimethylsilylacetamide (BSA, 4) to 1,4-benzoquinone (3). Bromination and purification of the crude product on silica gel chromatography provided 3-bromoverongiaquinol (1) in 50% overall yield. Under alkaline conditions, the crude product of the bromination reaction was converted to 5-monobromocavernicolin (2) in 20% yield which was also obtained in 13% yield (25% yield based on recovered starting material) from 3-bromoverongiaquinol (1)

Quantitative Analysis By Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography Using Interval Multi-way Partial Least Squares Calibration.

A new approach for target quantitative analysis for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), interval Multi-way Partial Least Square (iNPLS) is presented and evaluated in this paper. In iNPLS, the two-dimensional chromatogram is split in small sections; each of these pieces is treated as an independent new chromatogram. Separated conventional NPLS calibration models for the concentration of the target analyte are built for each of the pieces of the whole chromatogram, and the best model is selected for quantitative analysis. An algorithm for iNPLS running on MatLab platform was written, preliminarily evaluated with using solutions of model compounds with different chemical properties and subsequently applied to quantify some allergens in perfume samples. The results were found to be adequate, and good precision and accuracy was obtained even for poorly resolved peaks.831302-

Identification Of Gasoline Adulteration Using Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography Combined To Multivariate Data Processing.

A method to detect potential adulteration of commercial gasoline (Type C gasoline, available in Brazil and containing 25% (v/v) ethanol) is presented here. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GCxGC-FID) data and multivariate calibration (multi-way partial least squares regression, N-PLS) were combined to obtain regression models correlating the concentration of gasoline on samples from chromatographic data. Blends of gasoline and white spirit, kerosene and paint thinner (adopted as model adulterants) were used for calibration; the regression models were evaluated using samples of Type C gasoline spiked with these solvents, as well as with ethanol. The method was also checked with real samples collected from gas stations and analyzed using the official method. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for gasoline concentrations on test samples calculated using the regression model ranged from 3.3% (v/v) to 8.2% (v/v), depending on the composition of the blends; in addition, the results for the real samples agree with the official method. These observations suggest that GCxGC-FID and N-PLS can be an alternative for routine monitoring of fuel adulteration, as well as to solve several other similar analytical problems where mixtures should be detected and quantified as single species in complex samples.1201176-8