Prevalência de tabagismo e consumo de bebida alcoólica em mães de lactentes menores de seis meses de idade Prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption among mothers of infants under six months of age

OBJETIVO: Conhecer a prevalência de tabagismo e consumo de bebida alcoólica em mães de lactentes menores de seis meses de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e descritivo com mães de crianças com idade entre zero e seis meses completos, matriculadas em programas de puericultura das Unidades Básicas de Saúde da cidade de Ribeirão Preto (SP), ligadas aos seis Centros de Saúde Escola da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Foi aplicado um questionário em que constavam informações como idade materna, grau de escolaridade, paridade, ocupação, tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo e complementado, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e cigarros e existência de algum tabagista no domicílio. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 504 mulheres; 324 (64,3%) tinham algum contato com cigarro sendo 97 (19,2%) tabagistas ativas, 142 (28,2%) tabagistas passivas e 85 (16,8%) tabagistas ativas e passivas. Dentre as 97 tabagistas ativas, 78 (80,4%) estavam amamentando. Também estavam amamentando 118 (83,1%) das 142 mães tabagistas passivas. Quanto às bebidas alcoólicas, 56 (11,1%) mães responderam que as consumiam e, destas, 45 (80,3%) estavam amamentando. Quinze (26,8%) mães que consumiam bebidas alcoólicas também eram tabagistas. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo encontrou alta prevalência de mães com algum tipo de contato com tabagismo e que consumiam bebidas alcoólicas, sendo imprescindível investir na prevenção dessas práticas nos programas de assistência pré-natal e de puericultura.<br>OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of smoking and alcoholic beverage consumption among mothers of infants under six months of age. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of mothers of all infants up to six months of age who were enrolled in child care programs at the Basic Care Units of Ribeirão Preto city, linked to the six Health Care Centers of Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of São Paulo University, Brazil. Mothers answered a questionnaire regarding maternal age, educational degree, parity, occupation, time of exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding, consumption of alcoholic beverages and active and passive smoking at home. RESULTS: 504 women were interviewed. Among the 324 (64,3 %) that had some contact with tobacco, 97 (19.2%) were active smokers, 142 (28.2%) were passive smokers and 85 (16.8%) were active and passive smokers. Among the 97 active smokers, 78 (80.4%) were breastfeeding, as well as the 118 (83.1%) of 142 passive smokers mothers. Regarding alcohol, 56 (11.1%) mothers mentioned alcohol consumption and, of these, 45 (80.3%) were breastfeeding. Fifteen (26.8%) mothers who consumed alcohol were also smokers. CONCLUSIONS: This study found high prevalence of mothers who had some contact with smoking and alcohol consumption, showing that investment in prenatal and child care programs is essential to prevent these practices

Notes for genera – Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59)