Sombric horizon: five decades without evolution

The sombric horizon is a diagnostic subsurface horizon defined in the soil classification system of the United States (Soil Taxonomy) and FAO (WRB), used to classify the soil at different categorical levels. The sombric horizon has a soil color darker than the overlying surface(s) horizon(s), and must show illuvial humus accumulation features, though they are not associated with aluminum (Al), as in the spodic horizon, nor associated with sodium (Na), as in the natric horizon. There are also criteria to distinguish it from buried A horizons. However, since the first references and proposed concept of the sombric horizon in African soils made by Sys and co-workers in the 1960s, and adopted by the Soil Taxonomy edition of 1975, few modifications have been made to its definition. Moreover, the pedogenic process involved in illuvial humus accumulation in these horizons remains inadequately clarified, making the distinction between the sombric and spodic or buried A horizon difficult and unclear. This review reports the historical evolution of the sombric horizon concept, its definition and inconsistencies under different soil classification systems, and the current hypothesis, together with its fragilities, proposed to explain the soil illuvial humus accumulation. Although it is recognized that further research is necessary, alternative criteria are proposed for the definition of the sombric horizon in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification

Mineralogia das frações silte e argila em Argissolos com horizontes subsuperficiais escurecidos em Santa Catarina

In the Santa Catarina state there occurs darkened subsurface horizon in Ultisols, whose morphology is similar to the sombric horizons of the Soil Taxonomy and FAO classification systems. But there are doubts about the possibility of there being buried horizons. The present study aimed to identify lithologic discontinuities in mineralogy of the silt and clay fractions of three Ultisols (red, yellow and brown-gray) which exhibit similar morphology to sombric horizons, located in the eastern region of Santa Catarina state. Samples were collected in the Ultisols from Içara, Rancho Queimado and Alfredo Wagner municipalities. In the samples TFSA proceeded to separate the silt and clay samples for analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively analyzed in powder and oriented clay slides. Part of the clay samples, after removal of organic matter and the iron oxides was saturated with magnesium and saturated with ethylene glycol. After being analyzed by X-ray diffraction the samples saturated with magnesium underwent saturation with thylene glycol. The samples that were saturated with potassium were heated to various temperatures. The results identifi ed discontinuity clay mineralogy in Yellow and Brown-Gray Ultisols. These soils do not have sombric horizons. The Red Ultisol showed no mineralogical discontinuity and depend on further studies to confirm or not sombric horizon. The mineralogy of the clay sample indicated a predominance of kaolinite in all Ultisols, with significant amounts of vermiculite with hydroxyaluminum interlayered, gibbsite, illite and quartz. The silt sample showed only quartz. The soils have no detectable mineral reserve for plants.No Estado de Santa Catarina há Argissolos com horizonte subsuperficial escurecido com morfologia semelhante à dos horizontes sômbricos dos sistemas de classificação norteamericano (Soil Taxonomy - ST) e da FAO (World Reference Base – WRB), mas existem dúvidas quanto à possibilidade de serem horizontes A enterrados. O presente trabalho avaliou a composição mineralógica das frações silte e argila dos horizontes genéticos de três Argissolos (Vermelho, Amarelo e Bruno-Acinzentado) com horizontes diagnósticos subsuperficiais similares ao sômbrico, localizados na região leste catarinense, objetivando identificar possíveis descontinuidades litológicas influenciando a gênese desses horizontes escuros. As amostras dos Argissolos foram coletadas nos municípios de Içara, Rancho Queimado e Alfredo Wagner. Na fração TFSA procedeu-se à separação das frações silte e argila para análises por difratometria de raios-X (DRX), analisadas respectivamente em pó e em lâminas de argila orientada. Parte das amostras da fração argila, após eliminação da matéria orgânica e dos óxidos de ferro, foi saturada com magnésio e solvatada com etileno-glicol. Outra parte foi saturada com potássio e submetida a várias temperaturas. As análises por DRX indicaram haver descontinuidade litológica nos Argissolos Amarelo e Bruno-Acinzentado, sugerindo que nesses solos os horizontes subsuperficiais escuros sejam antigos A enterrados, e não horizontes sômbricos. O Argissolo Vermelho de Içara não apresentou evidências de descontinuidade na litologia entre os horizontes, podendo indicar um horizonte sômbrico, o que depende de maiores investigações. A mineralogia da fração argila revelou predominância de caulinita nos Argissolos, e quantidades expressivas de vermiculita com polímeros de hidróxi-alumínio nas entrecamadas, além de gibbsita, illita e quartzo. No silte, os difratogramas indicaram somente quartzo em quantidades detectáveis, demonstrando não haver reserva mineral nesses solos

Caracterização morfológica e química de Argissolos com horizontes subsuperficiais escurecidos em Santa Catarina

In the state of Santa Catarina Argissolos occur with subsurface horizons darkened similar to sombric horizons described in Soil Taxonomy and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) These soils are very poorly studied as their occurrence is not so significant in relation to other soils. This is due to the difficulties inherent in research of the genesis of such horizons, which are often complex. Nevertheless, such soils occupy significant areas in the state, and are worthy of further research with respect to chemical, physical and mineralogical properties. Such soils are used in agriculture, forestry and pasture. To this end, we selected three profiles of Ultisols, situated in the municipalities of Içara, Rancho Queimado and Alfredo Wagner, red, yellow and grayish-brown Ultisols, respectively. Then we proceeded to the morphological description. Sample structures were collected for chemical analysis. The chemical data indicated soils with acid reaction and desaturation. The results also showed that the soils exhibit morphological data that indicate the possibility of illuviation of organic matter especially in the red Ultisol. The results also showed the existence of 2:1 clay minerals with hydroxyl-aluminum in interlayers in all Ultisols.No Estado de Santa Catarina ocorrem Argissolos com horizontes subsuperficiais escurecidos semelhantes aos sombric horizons descritos no Soil Taxonomy e na World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). Tais solos são muito pouco estudados, devido à ocorrência não tão expressiva em relação aos demais solos, ou devido às dificuldades inerentes à pesquisa da gênese de tais horizontes, muitas vezes complexa. Esses solos ocupam áreas importantes no Estado, sendo merecedores de maiores pesquisas com relação aos atributos químicos, físicos e mineralógicos, de vez que neles ocorrem significativas atividades agro-silvo-pastoris envolvendo pequenos produtores. Para tanto, foram selecionados três perfis de Argissolos, situados nos municípios de Içara, Rancho Queimado e Alfredo Wagner, sendo Argissolos Vermelho, Amarelo e Bruno-Acinzentado, respectivamente. Neles efetuou-se a descrição morfológica. Coletaram-se amostras de estrutura deformada para análises químicas. Os dados químicos revelam solos que apresentam reação ácida e dessaturação. Também apresentaram dados morfológicos que indicam a possibilidade de ocorrência de iluviação de matéria orgânica, especialmente no Argissolo Vermelho, e também a presença de argilominerais 2:1, intercalados com hidróxi-alumínio nas entrecamadas

Potencial do pó da rocha olivina melilitito como remineralizador de solos de acordo com tamanho de partículas e doses

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of olivine melilitite rock powder, in two particle sizes and in increasing rates, to improve the chemical properties of the soil and the growth and nutrient accumulation of soybean (Glycine max) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) plants. The treatments consisted of three rates of the rock powder, equivalent to 2.5, 5.0, and 10 Mg ha-1, in the powder and filler particle sizes of the commercial product. Physicochemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out using, as a basis, the Brazilian normative ruling on rock powder as a soil remineralizer. The soybean and sorghum plants were cultivated for 60 and 45 days, respectively, in a greenhouse on a Humic Dystrudept and a Typic Hapludult. The olivine melilitite rock powder applied in the tested increasing rates and two particle sizes improved soil chemical properties and promoted plant growth. However, the filler particle size is more efficient than that of the powder to improve soil chemical properties and plant growth and nutrient accumulation.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de pó da rocha olivina melilitito, em duas granulometrias e em doses crescentes, para melhorar as características químicas do solo e o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes em plantas de soja (Glycine max) e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor). Os tratamentos consistiram de três doses de olivina melilitito, equivalentes a 2,5, 5,0 e 10 Mg ha-1, nas granulometrias de pó e filler do produto comercial. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e mineralógicas, tendo-se utilizado, como base, instrução normativa para pó de rocha como remineralizador de solos. As plantas de soja e sorgo foram cultivadas por 60 e 45 dias, respectivamente, em casa de vegetação, em Cambissolo Háplico Alumínico e Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico sômbrico. O pó da rocha olivina melilitito aplicado nas doses crescentes e nas duas granulometrias testadas melhorou as características químicas dos dois solos estudados e promoveu o desenvolvimento das plantas. No entanto, a granulometria filler é mais eficiente que a do pó para melhorar as características químicas dos solos e o desenvolvimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes nas plantas

Caracterização química, física e morfológica de solos derivados de rochas efusivas no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil

In two top sequences in the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina, we studied the chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of seven soil profiles from effusive rocks (basalts and rhyodacites) of the Serra Geral formation. The physical characterization consisted of determining the texture, water dispersible clay and degree of flocculation. The chemical analysis consisted of determining the pH in H2O and KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H+Al and organic carbon (OC). Also studied was the contribution of clay and organic carbon in Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) by the graphic method of Bennema. The soils originated from rhyodacites were classified as Cambissolos Háplicos (Haplumbrept), and developed from basalt as Nitossolos Vermelhos (Kandiudox). The Haplumbrept have a strong reaction to acid, very high levels of exchangeable Al and low values of sum and base saturation, possessing alito or alumina characteristics, whereas the Kandiudox have a less acidic reaction, lower levels of exchangeable Al, and values sum (SB) and base saturation (V%) higher than in Haplumbrept, and dystrophic. The estimate of the contribution of clay and organic carbon in the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) using the Bennema method resulted in values of the activity of clay (T) lower than those obtained by the method recommended by the Brazilian System of Soil Classifi cation (SiBCS). The contribution of CO in the CTC is relevant in soils of regions with higher altitudes, because the organic matter levels are high even in the subsurface layers. Therefore, it is suggested to consider the effect of organic matter in the calculation of the activity of clay, especially in soils with higher altitudes, due to its importance in the framework of the soil in the third categorical level.Em duas topossequências no Planalto Sul Catarinense estudou-se as características químicas, físicas e morfológicas de sete perfis de solo desenvolvidos de rochas efusivas (basaltos e riodacitos) da Formação Serra Geral. A caracterização física constou da determinação da textura, argila dispersa em água e grau de floculação. As análises químicas consistiram da determinação do pH em H2O e em KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H + Al e Carbono Orgânico (CO). Estudou-se também a contribuição da fração argila e do CO na Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC) através do método gráfico de Bennema. Os solos originados de riodacitos foram classificados como Cambissolos Háplicos, e os desenvolvidos de basalto como Nitossolos Vermelhos. Os Cambissolos Háplicos apresentam reação fortemente ácida, níveis muito altos de Al trocável e baixos valores de soma e saturação por bases, possuindo caráter alítico ou alumínico. Os Nitossolos Vermelhos têm reação menos ácida, teores mais baixos de Al trocável, além de valores de soma (SB) e saturação por bases (V%) mais altos do que nos Cambissolos, sendo distróficos. A estimativa da contribuição da fração argila e do CO na Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC) pelo método de Bennema resultou em valores da atividade da argila (T) inferiores àqueles obtidos pelo método preconizado pelo Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). A contribuição do CO na CTC é relevante em solos de regiões com maiores altitudes, pois os teores de matéria orgânica são altos mesmo nos horizontes subsuperficiais. Portanto, sugerese considerar o efeito da matéria orgânica no cálculo da atividade da argila, principalmente em solos com altitudes mais elevadas, devido à sua importância no enquadramento do solo no terceiro nível categórico

REACTION OF NATIVE FRUIT TREES FROM BRAZILIAN AMAZON TO Meloidogyne enterolobii

This research was conducted in a greenhouse from Department of Fitossanity at São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, to evaluate the reaction of four Amazon’s native fruits tree species [“Abiu” (Pouteria caimito), “Araça Pera” (Psidium acutangulum), “Camu-camu” (Myrciaria dubia) and “Bacuri” (Platonia insignis)] and one from Central America, Sapodilla (Achras zapota) to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983 (Meloidogynidae: Heteroderidae). Seedlings of each fruit trees averaging 12 months of age were planted in ceramic pots containing autoclaved soil and sand. They were inoculated, with addition of 10 cm3 of 400 eggs and J2 in suspension per cm3 to the root system, with a total initial population (IP) of 4000 eggs and J2 of M. enterolobii. The nematode population was obtained from roots of guava tree (Psidium guajava) in the city of Vista Alegre do Alto, SP. The assessment was carried out after 150 days at inoculation with the recovery and counting of the final nematode population (FP) in the root system of the fruit trees. The reaction of the fruit species was given by the factor of nematode reproduction (RF) according to the equation FP / IP, where RF > 1 was considered susceptible and RF < 1, resistant. The “Araça Pera” was susceptible to M. enterolobii and the others fruits plant were not favorable host to M. enterolobii. This study reports the first infection in P. acutangulum by M. enterolobii in greenhouse conditions

Resistance of guava and araça to Meloidogyne mayaguensis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar espécies de Myrtaceae resistentes a Meloidogyne mayaguensis. Acessos de araçazeiros e goiabeiras da Coleção de Plantas Frutíferas Nativas e Exóticas da Unesp/FCAV e acessos de araçazeiro de fragmentos de matas nativas do Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo e Triângulo Mineiro foram testados quanto à resistência ao nematódeo. As mudas receberam 4.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio de M. mayaguensis por planta e foram conduzidas em casa de vegetação. Aos 150 dias, os genótipos foram avaliados quanto à resistência ao nematódeo com base no fator de reprodução. Três acessos de Psidium e um de Eugenia foram resistentes a M. mayaguensis.The objective this work was to identify Myrtaceae species resistant to Meloidogyne mayaguensis. Araça and guava accessions obtained from the Collection of Native and Exotic Fruitful Plants of Unesp/FCAV, and accessions of araça plant obtained from native forest fragments located in the northeast region of the São Paulo state and the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, were tested for resistance to M. mayaguensis. The seedlings received 4,000 eggs and second stadium juveniles of M. mayaguensis each and were reared in a greenhouse. After 150 days, the genotypes were evaluated for resistance to the nematode based on the reproduction factor. Three Psidium spp. and one Eugenia accessions were resistant to M. mayaguensis

Levantamento pedológico detalhado como suporte para o planejamento do uso de terras

Appropriate soil use is required so that the agricultural holding is conducted using conservationist bases, through the rational planning applied to each glebe of land, taking into consideration all of its main attributes. The objective of this study was to execute a detailed soil survey, providing support for planning the sustainable use of natural resources based on their agricultural potential. The study was carried out in Lages, SC, Brazil, at latitude 27°44'54.11'' south and longitude 50°05'08.09'' west, with an average altitude of 884 m and a humid mesothermal climate. The survey was supported by global positioning system, photogrammetry, photo interpretation, and geographic information system. It was proceeded a general and morphological description of soil profiles and a horizons sampling collection for analysis. Based on the soil’s physical and chemical properties, the soils were taxonomically classified in phase levels, according to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. The mapping unit’s limits were identified through their relationships with soil and topography surfaces by means of observation and sampling along the top sequences, outlined using relief phase. The legend for the final survey was prepared as well as a pedological map containing the agricultural suitability classes used for planning.O uso adequado do solo, através do planejamento racional a ser aplicado a cada gleba de terra, levando em consideração o conjunto de seus atributos é necessário para que a exploração agrícola seja conduzida em bases conservacionistas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento de solos em nível detalhado para fornecer subsídios ao planejamento de seu uso sustentável com base na sua aptidão agrícola. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental do CAV-UDESC em Lages, SC, situada a 27°44'54,11'' de latitude sul e 50°05'08,09'' de longitude oeste, com 884 m de altitude média e clima do tipo mesotérmico úmido com verão fresco (Cfb). O levantamento contou com o suporte de sistema de posicionamento global por satélite (GNSS-GPS), fotogrametria, fotointerpretação e sistema de informações geográficas. Procedeu-se a descrição geral e morfológica dos perfis de solo e a coleta de amostras deformadas dos horizontes para análise. Com base nos atributos físicos e químicos, os solos foram classificados em nível de fase de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). Os limites das unidades de mapeamento foram identificados através das relações dos solos com a superfície topográfica, por meio de observação e amostragem ao longo de toposequências, delineadas por fases de relevo. Elaborou-se a legenda final do levantamento e a interpretação do mapa pedológico com as classes de aptidão visando o planejamento de uso

Evaluation of application of basalt powder effects in soil fertility and Eucalyptus benthamii nutrition

Considerando a necessidade de avaliar a eficácia do pó de basalto como fonte de nutrientes e o efeito da adição de estercos animais sobre a dissolução desses materiais, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: controle; adubação convencional; 10,0, 20,0, 50,0 e 100,0 t.ha-1 de pó de basalto; e as mesmas doses de pó de basalto associado ao esterco bovino. Os tratamentos foram testados em mudas de clone de Eucalyptus benthamii. Todos os tratamentos foram comparados ao controle pelo teste de Duncan. A aplicação de pó de basalto promoveu aumento no valor do pH do solo para todas as doses. Os teores de Mg e Si trocável no solo foram maiores nos tratamentos com pó de basalto associado ao esterco bovino, o qual demonstrou ser um material que interfere na dissolução dos minerais e liberação desses elementos. O pó de basalto, em associação ou não com esterco bovino, conferiu teores de K nas folhas maiores que o tratamento controle. Conclui-se que doses a partir de 20 t.ha-1 de pó de basalto associadas ao esterco bovino apresentaram efeito no pH do solo e podem ser utilizadas como fonte de Mg, Si e K.In order to evaluate powdered basalt efficiency as a source of nutrients as well as effects of cattle manure on dissolution of these materials, it was improved an experiment in a greenhouse. The improved treatments were: control; conventional fertilization; 10.0, 20.0, 50.0 and 100.0 t ha-1 of basalt powder, and the same basalt powder doses associated with cattle manure. Such treatments had been tested on Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings. All treatments were compared to control by Duncan test. Basalt powder application promoted soil pH increasing in every doses. The contents of exchangeable Mg and Si were higher in treatments with powdered basalt associated with cattle manure, which proved to be a material that interferes in minerals dissolution as well as in release of such elements. The basalt powder, in association or not with cattle manure, imporved K contents in the leaves higher than the control ones. We can conclude that doses from 20 t ha-1 of basalt powder associated with cattle manure have effect on soil pH and can be use as a source of Mg, Si and K. Keywords: Stonemeal; minerals; source of nutrients

The expression of and preoperative correlation between heat-shock protein 70, EuroSCORE, and lactate in patients undergoing CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objetive: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) improved symptoms and increased survival and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. However, it should be the main cause of a complex organic systemic inflammatory response that greatly contributes to several postoperative adverse effects. Methods: We aimed to evaluate heat-shock protein 70 (HSP 70) expression as a morbimortality predictor in patients with preserved ventricular function undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and to determine their association with the lactate as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion and the EuroSCORE risk score. This is a prospective, observational study including 46 patients and occurring between May and July 2016. Patients without ventricular dysfunction undergoing myocardial revascularization with extracorporeal circulation were included. They were divided into (1) complicated and (2) uncomplicated postoperative evolution groups. EuroSCORE, lactate levels, and HSP 70 expression and their correlations were determined. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the group with complicated evolution had higher EuroSCORE values than the other group. HSP 70 protein levels were significantly increased in the group with uncomplicated evolution and showed similar results. According to our results, HSP family proteins may be independent predictors of uncomplicated evolution in patients without ventricular dysfunction undergoing CABG with CPB. Conclusion: HSP 70 should be a good discriminator and protection marker for complications in cardiac surgery.34215616