Delito de estupro : o papel e o impacto do exame médico forense nos processos judiciais - uma análise das sentenças proferidas no ano de 2008 a 2016

A pesquisa versa sobre a comprovação da materialidade da conduta de violação sexual nos delitos de estupro. Através da coleta de evidências encontradas na vítima da agressão. Bem como sobre o papel e o impacto que o exame médico forense possui no processo judicial para a fundamentação da sentença do magistrado. No tocante, a condenação ou absolvição do réu denunciado por estupro. O problema consiste em qual é o papel e o impacto que o exame médico forense tem sobre a figura do julgador? Mais especificamente, a qualidade, a qualidade do exame médico forense pode ser determinante para uma condenação ou absolvição do réu? Em face destes problemas, outra questão se apresenta, a saber, se os achados apresentados pelo laudo pericial, como lesões e DNA. São valorados pelo julgador no momento de fundamentar a sentença, na ausência destes, pode o julgador fundamentar sua sentença em outras provas? E quais seriam estas provas? As respostas as questões possibilitarão o estabelecimento de critérios relativos à própria motivação do ato jurisdicional praticado pelo julgador ao decidir casos deste tipo. Parte - se da hipótese de que o exame médico forense possui um papel mínimo (frente) ao testemunho da vítima da agressão sexual. O impacto dessa prova no processo é prejudicado pela qualidade da coleta de evidências que é defasada pela destruição dos achados pelo tempo entre a notícia (crimes) e a realização do exame na vítima. Objetivo de a pesquisa é analisar o exame médico forense no processo judicial. A qualidade da coleta realizada durante o exame. As evidências apresentadas pelo laudo pericial. Aferindo o impacto que esse exame possui no processo no que diz respeito à valoração dessa prova pelo julgador na fundamentação. O método a ser utilizado na pesquisa será o hipotético dedutivo, em um primeiro momento, especificamente, no tocante às definições dos aspectos teóricos determinados pelas alterações legislativas, e, em um segundo momento, dos dados obtidos pelo exame dos processos judiciais.The research is about the evidence of the materiality of the conduct of rape in rape offenses by collecting evidence found in the victim of the assault, as well as the role and impact that forensic examination has on the judicial process to substantiate the sentence. of the magistrate as regards the conviction or acquittal of the defendant accused of rape. The problem is what role and impact does forensic examination have on the judge’s figure? More specifically, can the quality of the forensic medical examination determine the defendant’s conviction or acquittal? In the face of these problems, another question arises, namely, if the findings presented by theexpert report, such as injuries and DNA, are valued by the judge at the moment of justifying thesentence, in the absence of these, can the judge base his sentence on other evidence. ? And what would this evidence be? The answer to these questions will make it possible to establish criteria relating to the proper motivation of the judicial act practiced by the judge in deciding such cases. It is assumed that the forensic medical examination has a minimal role in relation to the testimony of the victim of sexual assault. The impact of this evidence on the process is hindered by the quality of evidence collection that is delayed by the destruction of findings by the time between news of crimes and examination by the victim. The objective of the research is to analyze the forensic medical examination in the judicial process, the quality of the collection performed during the examination, the evidence presented by the expert report, and to assess the impact that this examination has on the process regarding the valuation of this evidence by the judge. in the grounds of the judgment. The method to be used in the research will be the hypothetical-deductive, at first, specifically with respect to the definitions of the theoretical aspects determined by thelegislative changes, and, secondly, in the examination of the data obtained by the examination of the judicial processes

Fat Deposition, Fatty Acid Composition, and Its Relationship with Meat Quality and Human Health

The consumer’s profile has changed, and in recent years, there has been a greater concern for the nutritional quality of meat, especially in relation to fat that compose it. The meat fat composition can contribute to the onset of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, fat is an essential component in the human diet, as well as providing energy; it contains essential fatty acids (FAs) that must be present in food. The meat nutritional properties are largely related to its fat content and fatty acid composition. In addition, fat gives flavor to food, helps in the absorption of vitamins, and plays an important role in the immune response, for humans, and animals. The fat nutritional and sensory quality in meat that is determined by the fatty acid composition can affect the degree of fat saturation, the storage stability, and flavor. There are several factors that can influence the fatty acid composition, such as animals’ species, breed, sex, and diet, causing various changes in carcass, as well as in tissues and chemical meat composition

Mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI: Brief review and guidelines for treatment

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic diseases caused by the deficiency of one of the lysosomal enzymes involved in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) breakdown pathway. This metabolic block leads to the accumulation of GAG in various organs and tissues of the affected patients, resulting in a multisystemic clinical picture, sometimes including cognitive impairment. Until the beginning of the XXI century, treatment was mainly supportive. Bone marrow transplantation improved the natural course of the disease in some types of MPS, but the morbidity and mortality restricted its use to selected cases. The identification of the genes involved, the new molecular biology tools and the availability of animal models made it possible to develop specific enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) for these diseases. At present, a great number of Brazilian medical centers from all regions of the country have experience with ERT for MPS I, II, and VI, acquired not only through patient treatment but also in clinical trials. Taking the three types of MPS together, over 200 patients have been treated with ERT in our country. This document summarizes the experience of the professionals involved, along with the data available in the international literature, bringing together and harmonizing the information available on the management of these severe and progressive diseases, thus disclosing new prospects for Brazilian patients affected by these conditions

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Expected progeny difference (EPD) for precocity of Nelore bulls and their relationship between adipogenesis, fibrogenesis, lipogenesis and lipid metabolismo

Objetivou-se avaliar a expressão de genes relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico, bem como identificar por meio da ferramenta de proteômica diferencial, as principais diferenças no perfil proteico do músculo longissimus thoracis (LT) e da espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) de progênies Nelore, filhos de touros com DEP contrastante para precocidade sexual e crescimento. Para isso, o presente estudo foi dividido em 3 manuscritos. Em síntese, foram utilizados 105 bovinos, machos não castrados, com idade média de 20 ± 2 meses e 400 ± 24 kg, provenientes de um mesmo rebanho, com informações genéticas para precocidade e crescimento. Os animais foram confinados por 100 dias e realizada a ultrassonografia de carcaça a cada 28 dias. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar as concentrações metabólicas e hormonais na última pesagem. Os animais foram abatidos após 100 dias de confinamento e durante o abate foram colhidas amostras do músculo LT e da EGS entre a 12a e 13a costelas além de amostras da gordura visceral (GV). Todas essas amostras foram imediatamente congeladas em nitrogênio líquido e mantidas em freezer 80oC até a realização das análises de expressão gênica por PCR em tempo real (RT-qPCR) e análise e SDS-PAGE, seguida de identificação proteica pela análise de espectrometria de massas acoplada a cromatografia liquida (LC- MS/MS). Durante a desossa foi avaliada a gordura intramuscular (MAR) no músculo LT. Também foram coletados bifes para lipídeos totais, perfil de ácidos graxos e solubilidade do colágeno. Os animais foram selecionados de acordo com a DEP de seus pais (touros). Do total de 105 animais, foram selecionados 6 pais com DEP’s simultaneamente contrastantes para precocidade e crescimento, de forma que cada grupo experimental tivessem 3 pais. A partir dos pais, foram formados 2 grupos contrastantes denominados de alta DEP (H_EPD; N=16) e baixa DEP (L_EPD; N=16). Os animais do grupo H_EPD tiveram maior EGS (P=0,006); menor LDL (P=0,014); maior IGF-1 (P=0,064); maior solubilidade do colágeno (P=0,098); menor expressão do gene LPL, no LT (P=0,045). Também este grupo apresentou maior expressão dos genes envolvidos na lipogênese avaliados na EGS: ACACA (P=0,060), LPL (P=0,085), ACOX1 (P= 0,100), LEP (P=0,030), SDC (P= 0,009), e GAPDH (P=0,081), do que os animais do grupo L_DEP. Uma banda eletroforética foi detectada como diferencialmente abundante no músculo LT (banda 16) e três bandas eletroforéticas foram detectadas como diferentemente abundantes na EGS (bandas 24, 30, 32). As vias KEGG do metabolismo de piruvato, glicólise/gluconeogênese, metabolismo de carbono, biossíntese de aminoácidos, dentre outras, foram enriquecidas para as proteínas diferencialmente abundantes identificadas no LT e na EGS. A seleção genética para precocidade e crescimento afeta o proteoma muscular e consequentemente o metabolismo lipídico e proteico de bovinos não castrados. O hormônio IGF-1, o gene LPL e as proteínas PKLR, PKM, ALDOA, DLD, GPI, VIM, ACTC1, OXCT1, GAPDH, LDHA, LDHB, MDH1, MDH2, IDH1, PGK1, SUCLG2 and ACY1 podem ser considerados futuros biomarcadores candidatos para EGS.This study aimed to evaluate the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, as well as to identify, through the proteomics tool, differences in the protein profile of Longissimus thoracis (LT) and backfat thickness (BFT) proteins of Nelore progenies, offspring of bulls with contrasting factors of expected progeny difference (EPD) for precocity and growth. For this, the present study was divided into 3 manuscripts. In summary, 105 male bulls were used, with a mean age of 20 ± 2 months and 400 ± 24 kg, from the same herd, with the genetic information of precocity and growth. The animals remained confined for 100 days, and the carcass ultrasound was performed every 28 days. Blood samples were collected to determine the metabolic and hormonal profile. The animals were slaughtered after 100 days and during slaughter, muscle LT and BFT were collected between the 12th and 13th ribs, in addition to visceral fat (GV). All of these were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept in a freezer 80oC until the analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and analysis and SDS-PAGE, followed by the identification of proteins by coupled mass spectrometry liquid chromatography (LC-MS / MS). During boning, the intramuscular fat (MAR) in the LT muscle was evaluated. Steaks for total lipids, fatty acid profile, and collagen solubility were also collected. The animals were selected according to a EPD from their parent bulls. Were selected 6 parents with EPD contrasting simultaneously for precocity and growth, so that each experimental group had 3 parents bulls. Then, were formed, 2 contrasting groups called high EPD (H_EPD; N = 16) and low EPD (L_EPD; N = 16), using 32 progenies. The animals in the H_EPD group had higher BFT (P = 0.006); lower LDL (P = 0.014); higher IGF-1 (P = 0.064); greater collagen solubility (P = 0.098); lower expression of the LPL gene, in LT (P = 0.045). This group also showed greater expression of the genes involved in lipogenesis evaluated in BFT: ACACA (P = 0.060), LPL (P = 0.085), ACOX1 (P = 0.100), LEP (P = 0.030), SDC (P = 0.009), and GAPDH (P = 0.081), than the animals in the L_EPD group. One electrophoretic band was detected as differently abundant in the LT muscle (band 16) and three electrophoretic bands were detected as differently abundant in the BFT (bands 24, 30, 32). The KEGG pathways of pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, among others, were enriched for the differentially abundant proteins identified in the LT and BFT. The genetic selection for precocity and growth affects the muscle proteome and consequently the lipid and protein metabolism of non-castrated cattle. The IGF-1 hormone, the LPL gene, and the PKLR, PKM, ALDOA, DLD, GPI, VIM, ACTC1, OXCT1, GAPDH, LDHA, LDHB, MDH1, MDH2, IDH1, PGK1, SUCLG2, and ACY1 proteins can be considered future biomarkers candidates for BFT