Modeling (Un)Packing of Meaning in Translation: Insights from Effortful Text Production

Abstract. This paper introduces a proposal aimed at enriching the framework of translation process research with a systemic-functional linguistics perspective for investigating instances of effortful translated text production. Drawing on the concept of grammatical metaphor and its potential for modeling both monolingual and multilingual text production, it examines ongoing meaning construction in translation as a special type of language processing which involves unpacking and repacking meanings construed in the target texts upon reading the source text. By analyzing logs recorded through key logging and eye tracking, we attempt to investigate phenomena that can shed a light into human translators' cognitive processes and which are potential sources for modeling meaning construction at play during the translation process

Food restriction in Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus)

Aim of study: To evaluate if dietary restriction influence muscle and intestinal morphology as well as the production performance of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Area of study: State University of Western Paraná (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – Unioeste), Toledo Campus, Brazil.Material and methods: The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments were: 7:0 (fed daily; control); 6:1 (fed 6 consecutive days followed by 1 day of fasting); 5:2 (fed 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days of fasting); and 1:1 (fed 1 day followed by 1 day of fasting). A commercial ration with 33.70% crude protein and 4.60% lipid was used, and fish were fed four times daily until apparent satiety for 60 days.Main results: The following parameters were found to have differences among treatments (p<0.05): final weight, weight gain, final length, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat, intestinal quotient, protein efficiency rate, protein retention, ash, and frequency of muscle fiber diameters within the classes of<20 μm and between 20 and 50 μm. The intestinal villi height and hepatic glycogen content did not differ (p>0.05) among treatments. The cost of food and partial net revenue were higher in the 7:0 treatment compared to the experimental treatments.Research highlights: Dietary restriction for Nile tilapia in the juvenile phase negatively influences productive performance, centesimal composition, and muscle growth, which demonstrates that this practice is economically unfeasible for commercial production

Rains in Rio Grande do Sul : a study of intense rainfall accumulated in the upper Uruguay Gaucho

No mês de junho de 2014, a sequência de oito dias de chuvas ininterruptas promoveu uma série de transtornos (inundações, deslizamentos de terra, interdição de estradas) à parte da população dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná. O trabalho objetiva identificar a ocorrência de eventos acumulados intensos de precipitação na região do alto Uruguai gaúcho, bem como seus mecanismos sinóticos responsáveis por esses acumulados de chuva. Dados diários de precipitação foram acumulados em grupos de cinco dias (pêntadas), perfazendo o total de 73 pêntadas anuais, no decorrer dos 53 anos da série (1961-2014). A aplicação do percentil 99 ao conjunto de dados determinou o valor do acumulado intenso (157,4 mm). Com base nesse valor foram calculadas a Frequência Absoluta, Frequência Relativa e o Tempo de Retorno desses acumulados intensos. Os resultados demonstraram que, dos dez eventos acumulados mais intensos, 70% ocorreram entre as pêntadas 30 e 47. Os eventos dos anos de 2014 e 1992 foram os mais intensos, acumulando, respectivamente, 366,7mm e 328,0mm. Os resultados demonstraram que os acumulados pluviométricos intensos entre 200 e 250 mm possuem um tempo de retorno de cerca de cinco anos.Já a análise sinótica desses eventos revelou que tais eventos são consequência da formação de frentes estacionárias e semiestacionárias com duração mínima de 36 horas. Nos eventos de maior intensidade, o tempo de permanência do sistema frontal e estacionário foi de 120 horas, para 2014 e, 32 horas para 1992. Dessa forma, verifica-se que eventos acumulados intensos têm sido frequentes no decorrer dos 53 anos da série, podendo, estes, estarem relacionados às mudanças climáticas, sobretudo pela intensificação dos casos nos últimos anos (1992 e 2014).During June of 2014, eight days of continuous rainfall promoted a number of disorders (floods, landslides, road interdiction) to the population of the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. This study aims to identify the occurrence of accumulated intense precipitation events in the upper Uruguay Gaucho region as well as its synoptic mechanisms responsible for these accumulated rain. Daily precipitation data was accumulated in groups of five days (pentads), totaling 73 pentads per year, over the 53 years of the series (1961 - 2014). The value of accumulated intense rainfall (157.4mm) was determined by applying the 99th percentile in the dataset. Based on this value, the time of return and the absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. The results showed that 70% of the ten most intense events occurred between 30th and 47th pentads. The events during the years of 2014 and 1992 were the most intense, respectively accumulating 366.7mm and 328.0mm. The results showed that intense daily rainfall between 200mm and 250mm occurs once every five years. On the other hand, a synoptic analysis of these events showed they are a consequence of the formation of stationary fronts and semi stationary fronts that last at least 36 hours. In the event of greater intensity, the front stationary system lasted 120 hours for 2014 and 32 hours for 1992. In this way, it appears that these intense events have been frequent during of the 53 years of the series and it is possible that they are related to climate change, especially considering the increase of cases in recent years (1992 - 2014)

Occurrence of pseudoparasite coccidians in carnivores

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de pseudoparasitos em três espécies de carnívoros (Felis catus, Lycalopex gymnocercus e Canis lupus familiaris) no sul do Brasil. Amostras de fezes colhidas em exame de rotina dos animais foram processadas através da técnica de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco. Em microscópio óptico foram detectados oocistos esporulados e não esporulados de coccídios da família Adeleidae em gato doméstico e graxaim-do-campo. Nas fezes do canídeo foram encontrados oocistos de Eimeria sp. Ambos protozoários não são patogênicos para estas espécies hospedeiras, porém, podem ser facilmente confundidos com outros coccídeos virulentosquando não estão esporulados.  The aim of this research study was to report the occurrence of pseudoparasites in three species of carnivores (Felis catus, Lycalopex gymnocercus and Canis lupus familiaris) in the southern region of Brazil. Fecal samples collected in the routine examination of the animals were analyzed by the centrifugal flotation technique with zinc sulfate. Sporulated and nonsporulated oocysts of coccidia of the family Adeleidae were observed in the feces of the domestic cat and pampas-fox. Oocysts of Eimeria sp. were present in the dog feces. Although not pathogenic for these host species, these oocysts can be easily confounded with other virulent coccidian when present in their nonsporulated form

Map-A-Mole: greenspace area influences the presence and abundance of the European mole Talpa europaea in urban habitats

The European mole Talpa europaea is common across much of Britain. It has a unique fossorial lifestyle, and evidence of its presence is readily identified through the presence of characteristic molehills. Although molehills are often a common sight in urban greenspaces, moles are remarkably understudied, with very few studies to date exploring the urban ecology of moles. Here, we investigate if factors such as greenspace (largely urban parks and playing fields) area, intensity of management, distance to nearest patch, amount of time the patch had been isolated from other green patches, and the amount of urbanization (constructed surfaces) surrounding the patch, influence the distribution and abundance of urban moles. Mole signs (hills and surface runs) were counted in all discrete urban greenspaces (excluding domestic gardens and one private golf course) within an 89.5 km2 area in the UK town of Reading. We found that 17 out of 59 surveyed sites contained moles, with their presence being recorded in greenspaces with a minimum patch area of approximately 0.1 km2 (10 ha). Where present, the abundance of mole territories in the greenspaces was associated with both the area of greenspace and degree of urbanization within 150 m of the patch boundary. While the former was not surprising, the latter outcome may be a consequence of sites with an increased risk of flooding being home to fewer moles, and the surrounding area is also less likely to be built upon. This case study highlights how choices made in designing urban green infrastructure will determine which species survive in urban areas long into the future

A Plasmodium falciparum S33 proline aminopeptidase is associated with changes in erythrocyte deformability

Infection with the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One of the Striking features of this parasite is its ability to remodel and decrease the deformability of host red blood cells, a process that contributes to disease. To further understand the virulence of Pf we investigated the biochemistry and function of a putative Pf S33 proline aminopeptidase (PJPAP). Unlike other P. falciparum aminopeptidases, PJPAP contains a predicted protein export element that is non-syntenic with other human infecting Plasmodium species. Characterization of PJPAP demonstrated that it is exported into the host red blood cell and that it is a prolyl aminopeptidase with a preference for N-terminal proline substrates. In addition genetic deletion of this exopeptidase was shown to lead to an increase in the deformability of parasite-infected red cells and in reduced adherence to the endothelial cell receptor CD36 under flow conditions. Our studies suggest that PJPAP plays a role in the rigidification and adhesion of infected red blood cells to endothelial surface receptors, a role that may make this protein a novel target for anti-disease interventions strategies. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Peptide:lipid ratio and membrane surface charge determine the mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide BP100. Conformational and functional studies

The cecropin-melittin hybrid antimicrobial peptide BP100 (H-KKLFKKILKYL-NH2) is selective for Gram-negative bacteria, negatively charged membranes, and weakly hemolytic. We studied BP100 conformational and functional properties upon interaction with large unilamellar vesicles, LUVs, and giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs, containing variable proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG). CD and NMR spectra showed that upon binding to PG-containing LUVs BP100 acquires a-helical conformation, the helix spanning residues 3-11. Theoretical analyses indicated that the helix is amphipathic and surface-seeking. CD and dynamic light scattering data evinced peptide and/or vesicle aggregation, modulated by peptide: lipid ratio and PG content. BP100 decreased the absolute value of the zeta potential () of LUVs with low PG contents; for higher PG, binding was analyzed as an ion-exchange process. At high salt, BP100-induced LUVS leakage requires higher peptide concentration, indicating that both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions contribute to peptide binding. While a gradual release took place at low peptide:lipid ratios, instantaneous loss occurred at high ratios, suggesting vesicle disruption. Optical microscopy of GUVs confirmed BP100-promoted disruption of negatively charged membranes. the mechanism of action of BP100 is determined by both peptide:lipid ratio and negatively charged lipid content While gradual release results from membrane perturbation by a small number of peptide molecules giving rise to changes in acyl chain packing, lipid clustering (leading to membrane defects), and/or membrane thinning, membrane disruption results from a sequence of events large-scale peptide and lipid clustering, giving rise to peptide-lipid patches that eventually would leave the membrane in a carpet-like mechanism. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Institut Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de fluidos complexos (INCTFCx)Nude de Apoio Pesquisa de Fluidos Complexos (NAPFCx)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Univ São Paulo, Inst Chem, Dept Biochem, BR-05513970 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biophys, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Med Biochem, Nucl Magnet Resonance Natl Ctr, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilEmbrapa Recursos Genet & Biotecnol, BR-70770917 Brasilia, DF, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biophys, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2007/50970-5FAPESP: 2013/08166-5Web of Scienc

DNA and BSA binding, anticancer and antimicrobial properties of Co(II), Co(II/III), Cu(II) and Ag(I) complexes of arylhydrazones of barbituric acid

Two new cocrystalline compounds, (Hen)(H2L2)$2/3H2O (2) and (Him)(H3L3)$2H2O (8), were prepared by the reaction of 5-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazono)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (H3L2) and the sodium salt of 2-(2-(2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)hydrazinyl)benzenesulfonic acid (H4L3), [Na(H3L3)(m-H2O)(H2O)2]2 (1) with protonated ethylenediamine (Hen) and imidazole (Him), respectively. By using 5-(2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)hydrazono)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (H4L1) and 1, several known CuII, CoII, CoII/III and new AgI complexes, [Cu(H2L1)(H2O)(im)]$3H2O (3), [Co(H2O)6]- [Co(H2L1)2]2$8H2O (4), [Co(H2L3)(im)3] (5), [Cu(H2L3)(im)2]$H2O (6), [Ag(H2O)(m-H3L3)]n (7) and [Co(H2O)6]- [H3L3]2$8H2O (9), were also prepared in order to study their DNA and BSA binding, anticancer and antimicrobial properties. The complexes are able to interact with DNA and BSA with high binding constant values. In particular, complex 4 strongly intercalates DNA and binds BSA. The antimicrobial activity of all compounds, determined against a panel of reference bacterial and fungal strains, indicates that only 2 and 7 possess antimicrobial activity. The same compounds 2 and 7 show a pronounced antiproliferative activity against the human tumor cell lines A375, MDA-MB 231 and HCT116