Commercialization of Uranoscodon superciliosus Linnaeus, 1758 (Tropiduridae) for magical-religious purposes in North and Northeastern of Brazil

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Hunting and wildlife use in protected areas of the Atlantic rainforest, northeastern Brazil

Despite being considered illegal in Brazil, the hunting of wild animals is a very common practice that influences the conservation of several fauna species. As such, the knowledge and practices associated with hunting activities need to be researched. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate, from an ethnozoological approach, the capture, slaughter and use of wild animals in four Conservation Units (protected areas) in the Atlantic Rainforest in the state of Paraíba. 109 hunters were interviewed, and 156 game animals were registered, which were distributed across the categories: mammals (31), birds (93), reptiles (27) and amphibians (05). The use of wild fauna registered in this study is mainly associated with the consumption of meat; however, the use of animals aspets, trade, zootherapy and control hunting were also recorded. Hunting practices have existed for a long time in the study region and are currently, mainly, motivated by subsistence, excluding occurrences of hunters killing animals that they considered to be dangerous. The socioeconomic situation of hunters and their possible dissonance with the laws that regulate wildlife protection are fundamental aspects that contribute to a better understanding of the barriers and possible methods of wildlife conservative management in the region. The catalog of hunted game animals expands our knowledge about the fauna hunted in the state of Paraíba, where research has not yet been performed on hunting activities in Conservation Units (protected areas) in the Atlantic Rainforest, this being the first evaluation. We hope that our results will contribute to the implementation / improvement of public policies aimed at the management of local wildlife, which endeavor to conserve the region's biodiversity

SISTEMAS DE CLASSIFICAÇÃO DA MASTOFAUNA UTILIZADOS PELAS COMUNIDADES LOCAIS DO PARQUE NACIONAL DA QUIÇAMA, ANGOLA

Muitos cientistas estão motivados a entender como as pessoas classificam espécies, concentrando seus esforços nas chamadas taxonomias folk. Com o propósito de melhor compreender e colaborar com pesquisas relacionadas ao assunto, este estudo visou identificar as classificações de etnoespécies de mamíferos silvestres utilizadas por moradores do Parque Nacional da Quiçama (PNQ), Luanda- Angola. Para o levantamento de dados, foram selecionadas 27 informantes. Para registrar os nomes vernaculares das etnoespécies presentes no PNQ realizou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas e checklist com estímulo visual e ‘‘turnê-guiada’’. Os dados foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente, buscando representar o consenso entre os informantes entrevistados. Foram registradas 48 etnoespécies de mamíferos, classificadas principalmente devido a aspectos morfológicos, seguidos pelos ecológicos e socioculturais. Critérios morfológicos encontrados estão associados à cor, tamanho, morfometria, ou por outra característica típica do corpo do animal. Como critério ecológico observou-se nomenclaturas relacionadas ao habitat do animal, ou se este está sozinho ou em grupo. Por exemplo, duas espécies de esquilos (nome em português), são classificadas de acordo com sua coloração e organização social, sendo assim chamadas de 1) Dicama (um único animal) ou macama (um grupo de animais)- em que ‘cama’ refere-se a uma coloração vermelha, e 2) Dibuco (um único animal) ou mabuco (em grupo de animais)- em que ‘buco’ refere-se a uma coloração castanha. Por vezes nomes binominal também são utilizados para especificar melhor determinada espécie. Aspectos socioculturais como localização e urbanização da comunidade também são responsáveis por influenciar na classificação das espécies. Observa-se, portanto neste estudo que além das características morfológicas e ecológicas , aquelas ligadas á sociedade e cultura também são utilizadas nos sistemas de classificações dos mamíferos pelas comunidades humanas do Parque Nacional da Quiçama

O manejo do javali (Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758) no Brasil: implicações científicas, legais e éticas das técnicas letais de controle de uma espécie exótica invasora

Invasões biológicas são apontadas como uma das principais causas de perda de biodiversidade na atualidade e o javali (Sus scrofa) é considerado uma das espécies exóticas mais problemáticas, responsável pela degradação de habitats aquáticos e terrestres em todo o mundo, causando enormes prejuízos econômicos e ambientais. Devido a esses fatores, o controle do javali foi autorizado pelo governo brasileiro através da Instrução Normativa (IN) do IBAMA Nº 03/2013. Desde então, controladores regulamentados tem utilizado técnicas de caça de espera, caça com cães e armadilhas, as quais tem sido alvo de críticas quanto à eficiência e riscos ao bem estar animal. Tivemos por objetivo compilar informações e discutir as implicações técnicas, científicas, éticas e legais de cada técnica de controle do javali utilizadas no Brasil. Buscamos discutir vantagens e desvantagens de cada técnica relacionando-as à realidade brasileira, bem como estudos de caso internacionais que podem ser tomados como exemplos. Conclui-se que o controle e erradicação do javali só pode ser alcançado com a associação de diferentes técnicas. Finalmente, discutimos as implicações conservacionistas do manejo do javali buscando orientar esforços futuros de controle da espécie

Hunting strategies used in protected areas in the atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil

509-518The significance of faunal resources and their utilization potentials for the benefit of mankind is well known, and constitute important natural resources in local communities in the Atlantic forests of region Northeastern Brazil, including in their protected areas. In order to gain access to these resources, hunters have developed a series of techniques and strategies that are described in the present work from interviews with 109 hunters in 4 official conservation units. Fifteen different techniques for the hunting and capture of wild animals have been registered, divided into 3 categories: Trapping (n=27,9%), active search (n=31%) and passive waiting (n=41,1%). All the techniques listed under the active search and passive waiting categories are complemented by the use of firearms. The environmental and administrative characteristics of the studied areas and the socioeconomic profile of the hunters interviewed, influenced the differences in the techniques and hunting strategies. Additional studies concerning these hunting activities will be useful to contribute to proposals for oversight and management plans for hunting in the region, with the objective of attaining sustainable use of faunal resources to the local human communities

Hunting strategies used in protected areas in the atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil

The significance of faunal resources and their utilization potentials for the benefit of mankind is well known, and constitute important natural resources in local communities in the Atlantic forests of region Northeastern Brazil, including in their protected areas. In order to gain access to these resources, hunters have developed a series of techniques and strategies that are described in the present work from interviews with 109 hunters in 4 official conservation units. Fifteen different techniques for the hunting and capture of wild animals have been registered, divided into 3 categories: Trapping (n=27,9%), active search (n=31%) and passive waiting (n=41,1%). All the techniques listed under the active search and passive waiting categories are complemented by the use of firearms. The environmental and administrative characteristics of the studied areas and the socioeconomic profile of the hunters interviewed, influenced the differences in the techniques and hunting strategies. Additional studies concerning these hunting activities will be useful to contribute to proposals for oversight and management plans for hunting in the region, with the objective of attaining sustainable use of faunal resources to the local human communities

A substituição das técnicas tradicionais de captura do caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cordatus) pela técnica “redinha” no estuário do rio Mamanguape, Paraíba

Two traditional fishing communities situatedon the margins of the Mamanguape River estuary-mangrove complex, Paraiba State, Brazil, were studied to determine themotivations for their rapid transition from traditional harvesting techniques (braceamento and tapamento) to redinha(little-net) trapping. Our results indicate that the crab harvesters were prompted into changing their techniques primarilydue to higher production rates with redinha. Additionally, there were disadvantages in using both the braceamento andtapamento techniques (including greater chances of accidents and acquiring diseases) that reinforced this transition. Thebehavioral characteristic of the crabs living in denser gallery forest specifically hindered capture using the braceamentotechnique. This fast transition of harvesting techniques is a major concern from a conservation standpoint as the redinhacauses environmental impacts and threatens both the mangrove ecosystem and the populations of caranguejo-uçá crabs(Ucides cordatus). Thus this study examined a problem that is both environmental and social, as traditional techniqueswere less profitable than the new harvesting method but had much less impact – while the redinha helps with crabharvesting and increases income at the cost of higher environmental impacts.O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em duas comunidades indígenas localizadas às margens do complexoestuário-manguezal do rio Mamanguape, Paraíba. O estudo identificou os motivos da rápida transição das técnicastradicionais (braceamento e tapamento) para a “redinha”. Nossos resultados mostraram que os caranguejeiros foraminfluenciados a mudar de técnica(s), principalmente pela maior produção obtida através da redinha. Além disto, fatoresrelacionados às desvantagens apresentadas pelas técnicas braceamento e tapamento, como a possibilidade maior deacidentes de trabalho e doenças adquiridas a partir da atividade de captura, reforçaram essa transição. Especificamente parao braceamento, um fator ligado a uma questão comportamental do caranguejo, de habitar galerias mais profundas, dificultaa captura através desta técnica. Essa rápida transição é preocupante do ponto de vista da conservação, porque a redinha égeradora de vários impactos ambientais, tidos como potenciais ameaças ao ecossistema manguezal e ao estoque populacionaldo caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cordatus). Deste modo, torna-se importante realizar estudos que busquem uma saída para umproblema que é não somente ambiental, como também social, visto que as técnicas tradicionais são menos rentáveis que aredinha e que esta surgiu para facilitar o trabalho do catador e aumentar a sua renda

The Trade in Medicinal Animals in Northeastern Brazil

Over the centuries, a significant part of the Brazilian fauna is widely sold, more specifically in retail stores or street markets. The objective was to characterize the sale of medicinal animals in five large northeast cities. Information about the sale of zootherapeutic items was obtained in the cities of Aracaju-SE, Fortaleza-CE, Maceio-AL, Recife-PE, and Salvador-BA. A total of 68 animal species were sold for medicinal purposes in the cities studied; these are the first results on the use and sale of zootherapeutics in the markets of Aracaju, Fortaleza, and Salvador and first recorded on the medicinal use of the Achatina fulica, Trachycardium muricatum, Philodryas olfersii, Desmodus rotundus, and Leptodactylus vastus. Knowledge of the fauna utilized popular medicine is indispensable for conservation, demonstrating that research on this subject is necessary to determine appropriate practices for the management of the fauna

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations governing prey choice by hunters in a post-war African forest-savannah macromosaic

Overhunting typically increases during and after armed conflicts, and may lead to regionalscale defaunation. The mitigation of hunting impacts is complex because, among other reasons, several intrinsic and extrinsic motivations underpin the elevated deployment of hunting practices. Here we present the first study focusing on these motivations in a post-war zone. Following persistently heavy hunting pressure during the 27-year Angolan civil war, the offtake of small to medium-bodied species has increased recently as a result of large mammal depletion. However, prey choice associated with different motivations varied in terms of species trophic level and body size. While most residents hunted large-bodied species to maximize revenues from wildlife trade, many low-trophic level smaller species were harvested to meet local subsistence demands because they were more palatable and could be captured using artisanal traps near hunters' households. Mainly low-trophic level species were killed in retaliation for crop-raiding or livestock depredation. Considering all game species sampled in this study, 96% were captured to attend two or more motivations. In addition, hunting associated with different motivations was partitioned in terms of age and gender, with prey acquisition for the wildlife trade primarily carried out by adult men, while hunting to meet local subsistence needs and inhibit human-wildlife conflicts were carried out by adult men and women, children and even the elderly. In natural savannah areas lacking fish as a source of protein, a higher number of species was selected to supply both the meat trade and subsistence, while more species in forest areas were targeted for trade in animal body parts and conflict retaliation. Finally, local commerce in bushmeat and other body parts accrued higher domestic revenues compared to any alternative sources of direct and indirect income. However, these financial benefits were at best modest, largely unsustainable in terms of prey population collapses, and generated high long-term costs for the local to regional scale economy and native biodiversity