L’enseignement mathématique dans les écoles normales primaires françaises, 1830-1848 : enjeux sociaux et culturels de la formation des maîtres d’école

Cet article est une première version en français de « Mathematics teaching in French écoles normales primaires, 1830–1848: social and cultural challenges to the training of primary school teachers », ZDM-The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 2012-5, DOI 10.1007/s11858-012-0416-z.HAL Id: halshs-00858112 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00858112 Submitted on 4 Sep 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.Résumé : Au XIXe siècle, le système d’enseignement français, mais aussi l’enseignement lui-même, est largement organisé en fonction des classes sociales auxquelles appartiennent les élèves : l’école primaire constitue l’école du peuple, et l’enseignement secondaire celle des classes aisées. C’est par rapport à ce contexte de « dualité scolaire » que cet article s’intéresse à l’enseignement mathématique dispensé dans les écoles normales primaires qui se développent en France dans les années 1830 pour former les futurs instituteurs (hommes) des écoles primaires. Quels sont, précisément, les contenus de cet enseignement ? Comment est-il organisé ? Dans quel esprit et pour quels objectifs est-il dispensé ? L’objet de cet article est de montrer comment ces établissements participent à la construction d’une culture mathématique spécifiquement primaire pour assurer l’éducation des enfants du peuple, distincte de la culture scolaire de l’enseignement secondaire

Uma nova forma de ensino de desenho na França no início do século XIX: o desenho linear

UMA NOVA FORMA DE ENSINO DE DESENHO NA FRANÇA NO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XIX: O DESENHO LINEAR Renaud d’Enfert Tradução: Maria Helena Camara Bastos Originalmente esse artigo foi publicado em M. Grandière et A. Lahalle, L'innovation dans l'enseignement français, XVIe-XXe siècle, INRP/CRDP des Pays de Loire, 2004, pp. 77-98, com o título “Une nouvelle forme d’enseignemet du dessin en France au XIX e siècle: le dessin linéaire”. Artigo autorizado para tradução e publicação pelo autor e pelo Service des publications do Institutut National de Recherche Pédagogique. As figuras foram cedidas pela Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) e autorizadas para publicação, pois são de domínio público.Resumo Inventado para as escolas mútuas, que se desenvolveram na França a partir de 1815, institucionalizado, mais tarde, na instrução primária, o “desenho linear” é uma forma alternativa de ensino do desenho que se distingue da tradição acadêmica. Este artigo coloca em evidência as condições e pretensões da popularização desse novo ensino que amplia, além do tradicional “ler, escrever, contar”, a gama de conhecimentos ensinados aos alunos. Procura também descrever as principais características desse novo modelo didático que se constitui e depois se normaliza no seio da instituição escolar em função das exigências pedagógicas e das finalidades que lhe são próprias

Une réforme à l'épreuve des réalités : le cas des « mathématiques modernes » au tournant des années 1970

Cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont certaines réalités engendrées par la démocratisation de l'accès à l'enseignement du second degré dans les décennies 1950-1960 sont prises en compte par les membres de la commission Lichnerowicz, chargée de réformer l'enseignement des mathématiques entre 1967 et 1973. Il s'appuie sur les premiers résultats d'une recherche collective, soutenue par l'ANR, sur les réformes disciplinaires menées dans cette même période, pour montrer que le cas de la réforme des mathématiques modernes constitue un observatoire particulièrement pertinent pour examiner les contraintes institutionnelles et humaines qui ont pesé sur l'élaboration des contenus d'enseignement

A multifunctional, synthetic Gaussia princeps luciferase reporter for live imaging of Candida albicans infections

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Ricin B chain targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco protoplasts is degraded by a CDC48- and vacuole-independent mechanism

The B chain of ricin was expressed and delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco protoplasts where it disappeared with time in a manner consistent with degradation. This turnover did not occur in the vacuoles or upon secretion. Indeed, several lines of evidence indicate that, in contrast to the turnover of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted ricin A chain in the cytosol, the bulk of expressed ricin B chain was degraded in the secretory pathway

Mechanisms Underlying the Delayed Activation of the Cap1 Transcription Factor in Candida albicans following Combinatorial Oxidative and Cationic Stress Important for Phagocytic Potency

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Brian Morgan and Elizabeth Veal for insightful discussions, Mélanie Ikeh for experimental assistance, and Scott Moye-Rowley (University of Iowa) for the gift of the anti-Cap1 antibody. This work was funded by the NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (I.K.), a BBSRC DTG studentship (M.J.P.), the Wellcome Trust (grants 089930 and 097377 to J.Q. and 080088 and 097377 to A.J.P.B.), the BBSRC (grants BB/K016393/1 to J.Q. and BB/F00513X/1 and BB/K017365/1 to A.J.P.B.), the European Research Council (STRIFE Advanced grant ERC-2009-AdG-249793 to A.J.P.B.), the ANR (grant CANDIHUB, ANR-14-CE14-0018-01, to C.D.), and the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program (grant IBEID, ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, to C.D.). FUNDING INFORMATION This work, including the efforts of Alistair J.P. Brown, was funded by Wellcome Trust (097377 and 080088). This work, including the efforts of Janet Quinn, was funded by Wellcome Trust (097377 and 089930). This work, including the efforts of Alistair J.P. Brown, was funded by EC European Research Council (ERC) (ERC-2009-AdG-249793). This work, including the efforts of Alistair J.P. Brown, was funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BB/F00513X/1 and BB/K017365/1). This work, including the efforts of Janet Quinn, was funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BB/K016393/1). This work, including the efforts of Christophe d’Enfert, was funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (ANR-14-CE14-0018-01 and ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Candida glabrata’s recurrent infections: biofilm formation during Amphotericin B treatment

Candida species are responsible for recurrent human infections, mostly in immunocompromised patients, due to their high vulnerability. Candida glabrata has a major role in systemic candidiasis and Amphotericin B (AmB), a hospital environment exclusive polyene, is frequently used to treat this disease. Lately, however, clinical evidences of Candida recurrent infections during these treatments are being described, probably due to biofilms (re)formation during this therapy. Thus, this work aims at inferring if C. glabrata biofilms are still being formed during AmB treatment. For that, C. glabrata biofilms were formed in the presence of AmB and analysed by dry weight. Matrix composition was analysed quantifying carbohydrates and, specifically, -1,3 glucans. Results demonstrated that, although in a lesser extent, C. glabrata is able to develop biofilms in the presence of AmB, with a thick extracellular matrix, with an increase on carbohydrates, especially -1,3 glucans. Therefore, it is confirmed that complex biofilms of C. glabrata can be formed during an AmB treatment.This work was supported by the Programa Operacional, Fatores de competitividade – COMPETE and by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia on the scope of the projects FCT PTDC/SAUMIC/119069/2010, RECI/EBB-EBI/0179/2012, PEst-OE/ EQB/LA0023/2013 and C elia F. Rodrigues’ SFRH/BD/ 93078/2013 PhD grant. The authors thank the Project ‘BioHealth - Biotechnology and Bioengineering approaches to improve health quality’, Ref. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER- 000027, co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2 – O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER

Hsp90 governs dispersion and drug resistance of fungal biofilms

Fungal biofilms are a major cause of human mortality and are recalcitrant to most treatments due to intrinsic drug resistance. These complex communities of multiple cell types form on indwelling medical devices and their eradication often requires surgical removal of infected devices. Here we implicate the molecular chaperone Hsp90 as a key regulator of biofilm dispersion and drug resistance. We previously established that in the leading human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, Hsp90 enables the emergence and maintenance of drug resistance in planktonic conditions by stabilizing the protein phosphatase calcineurin and MAPK Mkc1. Hsp90 also regulates temperature-dependent C. albicans morphogenesis through repression of cAMP-PKA signalling. Here we demonstrate that genetic depletion of Hsp90 reduced C. albicans biofilm growth and maturation in vitro and impaired dispersal of biofilm cells. Further, compromising Hsp90 function in vitro abrogated resistance of C. albicans biofilms to the most widely deployed class of antifungal drugs, the azoles. Depletion of Hsp90 led to reduction of calcineurin and Mkc1 in planktonic but not biofilm conditions, suggesting that Hsp90 regulates drug resistance through different mechanisms in these distinct cellular states. Reduction of Hsp90 levels led to a marked decrease in matrix glucan levels, providing a compelling mechanism through which Hsp90 might regulate biofilm azole resistance. Impairment of Hsp90 function genetically or pharmacologically transformed fluconazole from ineffectual to highly effective in eradicating biofilms in a rat venous catheter infection model. Finally, inhibition of Hsp90 reduced resistance of biofilms of the most lethal mould, Aspergillus fumigatus, to the newest class of antifungals to reach the clinic, the echinocandins. Thus, we establish a novel mechanism regulating biofilm drug resistance and dispersion and that targeting Hsp90 provides a much-needed strategy for improving clinical outcome in the treatment of biofilm infections

Inventer une géométrie pour l'école primaire au XIXe siècle

Introduite officiellement par la loi Guizot de 1833, la géométrie enseignée à l'école primaire au XIXe siècle doit privilégier les applications pratiques et se démarquer ainsi de celle, plus théorique, enseignée dans le secondaire. Se constitue alors une géométrie bien spécifique, qui mobilise largement les activités graphiques. On retrace ici cette élaboration disciplinaire et on en montre les différents enjeux, pédagogiques, épistémologiques, voire idéologiques.Officially introduced by the Guizot law of 1833, geometry as it was taught in the primary schools in the XIXth century, must focus upon practical applications, thereby differentiating itself from the theoretical geometry taught in the secondary schools. As a result, a particular type of geometry is developed, largely calling upon draughtsmanship skills. This article unfolds the development of this disciplin

Shotgun metagenomics reveals interkingdom association between intestinal bacteria and fungi involving competition for nutrients

Comprehensive database; Diet; MicrobiomeBase de datos integral; Dieta; MicrobiomaBase de dades integral; Dieta; MicrobiomaBackground The accuracy of internal-transcribed-spacer (ITS) and shotgun metagenomics has not been robustly evaluated, and the effect of diet on the composition and function of the bacterial and fungal gut microbiome in a longitudinal setting has been poorly investigated. Here we compared two approaches to study the fungal community (ITS and shotgun metagenomics), proposed an enrichment protocol to perform a reliable mycobiome analysis using a comprehensive in-house fungal database, and correlated dietary data with both bacterial and fungal communities. Results We found that shotgun DNA sequencing after a new enrichment protocol combined with the most comprehensive and novel fungal databases provided a cost-effective approach to perform gut mycobiome profiling at the species level and to integrate bacterial and fungal community analyses in fecal samples. The mycobiome was significantly more variable than the bacterial community at the compositional and functional levels. Notably, we showed that microbial diversity, composition, and functions were associated with habitual diet composition instead of driven by global dietary changes. Our study indicates a potential competitive inter-kingdom interaction between bacteria and fungi for food foraging. Conclusion Together, our present work proposes an efficient workflow to study the human gut microbiome integrating robustly fungal, bacterial, and dietary data. These findings will further advance our knowledge of the interaction between gut bacteria and fungi and pave the way for future investigations in human mycobiome.This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action, Innovative Training Network [grant number 812969]