Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma.

Background: Intrusive trauma memories are a key symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), so disrupting their recurrence is highly important. Intrusion development was hindered by visuospatial interventions administered up to 24 hours after analogue trauma. It is unknown whether interventions can be applied later, and whether modality or working-memory load are crucial factors. Objectives: This study tested: (1) whether a visuospatial task would lead to fewer intrusions compared to a reactivation-only group when applied after memory reactivation four days after analogue trauma exposure (extended replication), (2) whether both tasks (i.e. one aimed to be visuospatial, one more verbal) would lead to fewer intrusions than the reactivation-only group (intervention effect), and (3) whether supposed task modality (visuospatial or verbal) is a critical component (modality effect). Method: Fifty-four participants were randomly assigned to reactivation+Tetris (visuospatial), reactivation+Word games (verbal), or reactivation-only (no task). They watched an aversive film (day 0) and recorded intrusive memories of the film in diary A. On day 4, memory was reactivated, after which participants played Tetris, Word games, or had no task for 10 minutes. They then kept a second diary (B). Informative hypotheses were evaluated using Bayes factors. Results: Reactivation+Tetris and reactivation+Word games resulted in relatively fewer intrusions from the last day of diary A to the first day of diary B than reactivation-only (objective 1 and 2). Thus, both tasks were effective even when applied days after analogue trauma. Reactivation-only was not effective. Reactivation+Word games appeared to result in fewer intrusions than reactivation+Tetris (objective 3; modality effect), but this evidence was weak. Explorative analyses showed that Word games were more difficult than Tetris. Conclusions: Applying a task four days after the trauma film (during memory reconsolidation) was effective. The modality versus working-memory load issue is inconclusive

The trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma: intrusive memories and beyond

A better understanding of psychological trauma is fundamental to clinical psychology. Following traumatic event(s), a clinically significant number of people develop symptoms, including those of Acute Stress Disorder and/or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The trauma film paradigm offers an experimental psychopathology model to study both exposure and reactions to psychological trauma, including the hallmark symptom of intrusive memories. We reviewed 74 articles that have used this paradigm since the earliest review (Holmes & Bourne, 2008) until July 2014. Highlighting the different stages of trauma processing, i.e. pre-, peri- and post-trauma, the studies are divided according to manipulations before, during and after film viewing, for experimental as well as correlational designs. While the majority of studies focussed on the frequency of intrusive memories, other reactions to trauma were also modelled. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of trauma, consider ethical issues, and suggest future directions. By understanding the basic mechanisms underlying trauma symptom development, we can begin to translate findings from the laboratory to the clinic, test innovative science-driven interventions, and in the future reduce the debilitating effects of psychopathology following stressful and/or traumatic events

Monte-Carlo calculation of longitudinal and transverse resistivities in a model Type-II superconductor

We study the effect of a transport current on the vortex-line lattice in isotropic type-II superconductors in the presence of strong thermal fluctuations by means of 'driven-diffusion' Monte Carlo simulations of a discretized London theory with finite magnetic penetration depth. We calculate the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics for various temperatures, for transverse as well as longitudinal currents I. From these characteristics, we estimate the linear resistivities R_xx=R_yy and R_zz and compare these with equilibrium results for the vortex-lattice structure factor and the helicity moduli. From this comparison a consistent picture arises, in which the melting of the flux-line lattice occurs in two stages for the system size considered. In the first stage of the melting, at a temperature T_m, the structure factor drops to zero and R_xx becomes finite. For a higher temperature T_z, the second stage takes place, in which the longitudinal superconducting coherence is lost, and R_zz becomes finite as well. We compare our results with related recent numerical work and experiments on cuprate superconductors.Comment: 4 pages, with eps figure

Vortex reflection at boundaries of Josephson-junction arrays

We study the propagation properties of a single vortex in square Josephson-junction arrays (JJA) with free boundaries and subject to an applied dc current. We model the dynamics of the JJA by the resistively and capacitively shunted junction (RCSJ) equations. For zero Stewart-McCumber parameter $\beta_c$ we find that the vortex always escapes from the array when it gets to the boundary. For $\beta_c\geq 2.5$ and for low currents we find that the vortex escapes, while for larger currents the vortex is reflected as an antivortex at one edge and the antivortex as a vortex at the other, leading to a stationary oscillatory state and to a non-zero time-averaged voltage. The escape and the reflection of a vortex at the array edges are qualitatively explained in terms of a coarse-grained model of a vortex interacting logarithmically with its image. We also discuss the case when the free boundaries are at $45$ degrees with respect to the direction of the vortex motion. Finally, we discuss the effect of self-induced magnetic fields by taking into account the full-range inductance matrix of the array, and find qualitatively equivalent results.Comment: 14 pages RevTex, 9 Postscript figure

Оксид азота и нитритные ионы в энергетике нейронов мозжечка

Зниження вмісту АТФ в нейронах при гіпоксії мозку і гіперстимуляції глутаматних рецепторів здатне порушити систему внутри і міжклітинної сигналізації в нейронах мозку, зокрема іонний обмін, активність ферментів гліколізу і окислювального фосфорилірування, захоплення Са2+ мітохондріями і синтез білків. В даній роботі вивчали дію ендогенного глутамат індукованого NO і дію екзогенний доданих донорів NO – нітриту натрію (NaNO2) і нітрозоцистеїну (SNOC) на вміст АТФ в 7-8 денних культивованих нейронах мозочка.Decrease of content ATPA in neurones at a hypoxia of a brain and a hyperstimulation глутаматных receptors is capable to break system inside and the intercellular signal ystem in neurones of a brain, in particular an ion exchange, activity of enzymes of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, seizure Са 2+ mitochondrions and synthesis of proteins. In the given work studied action endogenic glutamate inducted NO and action of exogenous padding donors NO diazotizing salt (NaNO2) and нитрозоцистеина (SNOC) on content ATPA in 7 8 diurnal cultivated{incubated} neurones of a cerebellum

Modelling the wind-borne spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus between farms

A quantitative understanding of the spread of contaminated farm dust between locations is a prerequisite for obtaining much-needed insight into one of the possible mechanisms of disease spread between farms. Here, we develop a model to calculate the quantity of contaminated farm-dust particles deposited at various locations downwind of a source farm and apply the model to assess the possible contribution of the wind-borne route to the transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (HPAI) during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands. The model is obtained from a Gaussian Plume Model by incorporating the dust deposition process, pathogen decay, and a model for the infection process on exposed farms. Using poultry- and avian influenza-specific parameter values we calculate the distance-dependent probability of between-farm transmission by this route. A comparison between the transmission risk pattern predicted by the model and the pattern observed during the 2003 epidemic reveals that the wind-borne route alone is insufficient to explain the observations although it could contribute substantially to the spread over short distance ranges, for example, explaining 24% of the transmission over distances up to 25 km