MEKANISME SURVIVAL PEDAGANG KLONTONG DI KECAMATAN SIDAYU

  ABSTRAK   Dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan sehari-hari, masyarakat tidak bisa lepas dari ketergantungan akan pasar. Pasar merupakan tempat berlangsungnya transaksi barang antara pembeli dan penjual. Pasar terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu pasar tradisional dan pasar modern. Pasar tradisional adalah tempat konsumen melakukan tawar menawar lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan pasar modern yang harga produknya tidak dapat ditawar. Pasar tradisional yang semakin kalah saing oleh pasar modern dari segi fasilitas pada akhirnya berdampak pada pengurangan jumlah pengunjung pasar tradisional. Dengan adanya pasar swalayan tersebut, pedagang tradisional merasa semakin terpuruk karena penghasilannya semakin berkurang akibat pasar swalayan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami strategi adaptif atau mekanisme survival yang dilakukan seorang pedagang klontong (tradisional) yang ada dipasar tradisional Sidayu ditengah maraknya pasar swalayan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi dari Alfred Schutz. Sementara itu teori yang digunakan adalah teori strategi adaptif dari Miles dan Snowserta mekanisme survival dari Clark yang didefinisikan sebagai strategi kemampuan seseorang dalam menerapkan seperangkat cara untuk mengatasi berbagai permasalahan yang melingkupi kehidupannya maupun untuk memperbaiki kondisi perekonomiannya. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi partisipan dan wawancara mendalam. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif. Teknik analisis ini dimulai dari menelaah data yang diperoleh dari beberapa sumber yang telah terkumpul, Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa para pedagang tradisional telah melakukan beberapa strategi untuk bisa tetap bertahan dari adanya pasar swalayan yang maju. Kata kunci: strategi adaftif, pasar tradisional, pasar modern, pedagang.     ABSTRACT   In fullfilment of their daily needs, the community can take off from relience will not market. It is the place of the market transaction between buyer and saller of goods. Market consisting of two categories which are traditional markets and modern market. Traditional is a place of purchasemarket where consumers can still do bargaining. While modern markets where consumers can bay goods that are desirable but in this place could no longer do a bargain as traditional markets because the price has been pegged. With the existance of the supermarkets, traditional traders feel more down because off their incomes decrease due to supermakets. So that traders have to do some way to keep to the market can survive there. This research aim to know and understand the strategy of adaptive or a survival mechanism by which traders selling (traditional)traditional markets Sidayu in the middle there supermarkets. This risearch using methods using qualitative approach phenomenology of alferd schutz while in theory the adaptive strategy is theory of miles and snow, and the survival of clark to define as the ability to implement a set of measures to overcome the problems surrounding as well as to improve the condition of their economy. Technical data uses the technique of the participant, and interviews deep observation is a data and conducting the research to an object. Analysis based on research using a technique descriptive analysis. Engineering analysis is beginning to analyse data obtained from some of which has been collected, scientists get preliminary data from the informant, it is the raw are strategies to can stay afloat from the fact that departement stores are progresing. Keywords : adaptive strategy, traditional markets, modern markets, traders. &nbsp

Application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in screening of fresh cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) storage roots for provitamin A carotenoids

A developed Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration equation was used for determining provitamin A carotenoids contents of different trials of fresh yellow root cassava genotypes using a total of 50 cassava genotypes scanned twice by NIRS from 400 nm to 2498 nm. The NIRS calibration equations were used to predict the β-cryptoxanthin, 13-cis β-carotene, trans β-carotene, 9-cis β -carotene, total β-carotene and total carotenoid concentrations of the samples. The predicted values for total carotenoids (TC-pred) ranged from 3.93 μg g–1 to 10.51 μg g–1 with mean of 7.07 ± 2.55 μg g–1 for International Collaborative Trials (ICT), 7.97–11.03 μg g–1 fresh weight with mean of 9.40 ± 0.76 μg g–1 for yellow root trial 8 (Multi-location Uniform Yield Trial) and 6.38–10.44 μg g–1 with mean of 8.74 ± 1.07 μg g–1 for yellow root trial 9 (Multilocation Advanced Yield Trial). Total carotenoids results using reference spectrophotometric method (TC-spec) ranged from 2.57 μg g–1 to 9.97 μg g–1 with mean of 5.66 ± 2.99 μg g–1 for ICT, 6.55–8.74 μg g–1 with mean of 7.74 ± 0.64 μg g–1 for yellow root trial 8 and 4.22–11.00 μg g–1 with mean of 7.57 ± 1.54 μg g–1 for yellow root trail 9. There is significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive correlation (r = 0.55) between TC-pred by NIRS and TC-spec. Also, significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive correlation (r = 0.52) exist between trans β-carotene predicted by NIRS and high-performance liquid chromatography reference. The developed NIRS calibration equations could be used to predict total carotenoids and trans β-carotene content of yellow root cassava and serve as rapid and cost-effective screening method for large cassava sample sets

Gravitational waves in general relativity: XIV. Bondi expansions and the ``polyhomogeneity'' of \Scri

The structure of polyhomogeneous space-times (i.e., space-times with metrics which admit an expansion in terms of $r^{-j}\log^i r$) constructed by a Bondi--Sachs type method is analysed. The occurrence of some log terms in an asymptotic expansion of the metric is related to the non--vanishing of the Weyl tensor at Scri. Various quantities of interest, including the Bondi mass loss formula, the peeling--off of the Riemann tensor and the Newman--Penrose constants of motion are re-examined in this context.Comment: LaTeX, 28pp, CMA-MR14-9

Conditions for nonexistence of static or stationary, Einstein-Maxwell, non-inheriting black-holes

We consider asymptotically-flat, static and stationary solutions of the Einstein equations representing Einstein-Maxwell space-times in which the Maxwell field is not constant along the Killing vector defining stationarity, so that the symmetry of the space-time is not inherited by the electromagnetic field. We find that static degenerate black hole solutions are not possible and, subject to stronger assumptions, nor are static, non-degenerate or stationary black holes. We describe the possibilities if the stronger assumptions are relaxed.Comment: 19 pages, to appear in GER

Studies on the Characteristics of the Antagonistic Relationship between Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne and Mutualistic Endophytic Fungi in Nematode-Suppressive Banana Plants (Musa AAA)

The antagonistic relationship of Radopholus similis and seven mutualistic endophytes isolated from banana and plantain were investigated in a series of experiments. First, prior to field trials and further greenhouse experiments, the vegetative compatibility of endophytes identified as Fusarium oxysporum and known pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates was tested. Nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants were produced and crossed with complementary testers from pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, lycopersici and cubense strains. None of the endophytic F. oxysporum isolates formed heterokaryons with any of the pathogenic strains tested. The nematode-antagonistic endophytes are therefore not vegetatively compatible with the pathogenic strains, and can not exchange genetic information with them. Second, the role of systemic induced resistance to nematode penetration and reproduction was tested in a series of split-root tests carried out in greenhouses in Germany and Costa Rica. The results revealed that, of the three T. atroviride (MT-20, ET-35 and S2) and four F. oxysporum (MF-25, MF-40, S9 and P12) isolates tested, only MT-20 and S2 seemed to induce systemic effects in Musa AAA cv. ‘Valery’ plants. S2 significantly and consistently reduced R. similis penetration, 10 days after nematode inoculation, while MT-20 significantly reduced nematode reproduction over a 9 week period. None of the tested F. oxysporum isolates induced systemic resistance to nematode penetration or reproduction. Third, the possible transfer of nematode suppression from endophyte-inoculated Musa AAA cv. ‘Valery’ mother plants to daughter plants (suckers) in the field was studied. As part of a large scale field trial looking at the suppression of nematodes in the field, mother plants were inoculated with endophytes prior to field transfer, and nematode populations monitored for 7 months. At the first de-suckering, sword suckers were removed from the field and grown in the greenhouse, where they were later challenged with R. similis. Results from the field to greenhouse test indicated that, when nematode suppression is established in the field, this suppression is transferred from mother to daughter plants. Finally, the effects of single and combined inoculations of two F. oxysporum and two T. atroviride on R. similis biocontrol in Musa AAA cv. ‘Williams’ and on plant growth of Musa AAA cvs. ‘Grand Nain’, ‘Valery’ and ‘Williams’ were investigated. Combining inoculations of mutualistic endophytes increased nematode control levels and plant growth in ‘Williams’ plants inoculated with both R. similis and fungi. Plant growth in the absence of R. similis was promoted by single and dual inoculations of T. atroviride isolates and by single inoculations of F. oxysporum isolates in ‘Grand Nain’, ‘Valery’ and ‘Williams’ plants. Dual inoculations of F. oxysporum and of all four endophytes did not positively affect plant growth.Studien zur Characterizierung der Antagonistischen Beziehung zwischen Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne und Mutualistischen Endophytischen Pilzen in Nematoden-Suppressiven Bananen Pflanzen (Musa AAA) Die antagonistische Beziehung von Radopholus similis und sieben aus Bananen und Kochbananen isolierten mutualistischen Endophyten wurden in einer Serie von Versuchen durchleuchtet. Vor weiteren Gewächshausversuchen und Feldversuchen, wurde erstens die vegetative Kompatibilität der als Fusarium oxysporum identifizierten Endophyten und bekannte pathogenen F. oxysporum Isolate getestet. Nitrate nicht verwendende (nit) Mutanten wurden produziert und mit komplementären Testern der pathogenen Stämme von F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, lycopersici und cubense gegenüber gestellt. Keiner der getesteten endophytischen F. oxysporum Isolate formte einen Heterokaryon mit pathogenen Stämmen. Die Nematoden antagonistischen Endophyten sind daher nicht mit pathogenen Stämmen vegetativ kompatibel, und können keine genetische Information austauschen. Zweitens wurde die Rolle der systemisch induzierten Resistenz zu Nematoden Penetration und Reproduktion in einer Reihe Split-Root Versuchen im Gewächshaus in Deutschland and Costa Rica nachgeprüft. Von den drei T. atroviride (MT-20, ET-35 und S2) und den vier F. oxysporum (MF-25, MF-40, S9 und P12) getesteten Pilzen, induzierten nur MT-20 und S2 eine systemische Reaktionen in Musa AAA cv. ‘Valery’ Pflanzen. S2 reduzierte in signifikanterweise und immer wieder die Penetration von R. similis, 10 Tagen nach Nematoden Inokulation, wehrend MT-20 in signifikanterweise die Reproduktion über eine 9-Wöchige Periode reduzierte. Keins der getesteten F. oxysporum Isolate induzierte eine systemische Resistenz, weder zur Penetration noch zur Reproduktion von R. similis. Drittens wurde die mögliche Übertragung der durch Endophyten hervorgerufene Nematoden Suppression in Musa AAA cv. ‘Valery’ Mutterpflanzen an deren Töchter (Wurzelschössling) im Feld erforscht. Als Teil eines groß angelegten Feldversuches, wurden Mutterpflanzen mit Endophyten vor der Aussaat im Feld inokuliert, und der Nematoden Bestand über 7 Monate überwacht. Bei der ersten Schösslingsentfernung, wurden Schwertschösslinge vom Feld entnommen und ins Gewächshaus verpflanzt, wo sie später mit R. similis inokuliert wurden. Die Ergebnisse des Versuchs deuteten darauf hin das, dort wo sich die Nematoden Suppression im Feld etabliert, wird diese auch von Mutter- zu Tochterpflanze übertragen. Letztlich wurden die Wirkung einzelner und kombinierter Inokulationen von zwei F. oxysporum und zwei T. atroviride auf die Biokontrolle von R. similis in Musa AAA cv. ‘Williams’ und auf das Wachstum von Musa AAA cvs. ‘Grand Nain’, ‘Valery’ und ‘Williams’ untersucht. In ‘Williams’ Pflanzen die mit R. similis sowie Pilzen inokuliert wurden, wurde das Niveau der Nematoden Biokontrolle und des Pflanzenwachstums durch kombinierte Inokulationen gesteigert. In der Abwesenheit von R. similis, wurde der Wachstum in ‘Grand Nain’, ‘Valery’ und ‘Williams’ Pflanzen durch die Inokulation mit einzelnen oder beiden T. atroviride und mit einzelnen F. oxysporum gesteigert. Die Inokulation mit beiden F. oxysporum und mit allen Pilzen förderte nicht das Wachstum der Pflanzen.</p

Zum Thema: Herdenschutzhunde

Inhalt: Der Wolf und Haustiere Geschichte Rassen Arbeitsweise Entwicklungsstadien des Herdenschutzhundes Anmerkungen zum praktischen Einsatz von HSH „vor Ort“ Entwicklungsstadien des HSH vom Welpen zum erwachsenen Tier (Übersicht

Mass and angular-momentum inequalities for axi-symmetric initial data sets I. Positivity of mass

We extend the validity of Brill's axisymmetric positive energy theorem to all asymptotically flat initial data sets with positive scalar curvature on simply connected manifolds.Comment: 33 pages in A