Linguistic redundances and special rules. Some uses of the lex specialis principle

Este artículo contiene un análisis del principio lex specialis. En particular, es una investigación preliminar acerca de su uso en los casos en que las normas especiales y generales son compatibles en lugar de encontrarse en conflicto. El punto de partida es que las normas especiales y las normas generales son, por definición, normas redundantes sobre la base de la lógica y el lenguaje, en cuanto todas las especies se encuentran lógicamente incluidas en el género al que pertenecen. Pero, además, cuando las normas especiales y las normas generales son compatibles y, por lo tanto, pueden prima facie concurrir y ser aplicadas en conjunto, puede darse también una redundancia normativa. Así, el análisis se divide en tres partes. En la primera parte, el tema principal es la especialidad del derecho y la relación de derogación entre normas especiales y generales. En la segunda parte se presentan de manera bastante esquemática las redundancias lingüísticas en los lenguajes naturales. En la tercera parte se introducen y discuten algunos ejemplos de la particular redundancia de las normas, con la finalidad de explicar las funciones pragmáticas y discursivas de las redundancias en el derecho.This essay is an analysis of the lex specialis principle: in particular, it is an initial inquiry into its uses when special and general rules are compatible, rather than conflicting. The starting point of the analysis is that special and general rules are, by definition, redundant rules on the grounds of logic and language, insofar as all species are logically included in their genre. But, in addition, when special and general rules are compatible and, hence, shall prima facie concur and be applied together, there might be a normative redundancy too. Thus, the analysis is divided in three parts. In the first part, the main topics are the speciality of law and the derogation between special and general rules. In the second part it is portrayed a rough sketch of linguistic redundancies in natural languages. In the third part some examples of special redundant rules are illustrated and discussed in order to explain the pragmatic and discursive functions of redundancies in law

The Lex Specialis Principle and its Uses in Legal Argumentation. An Analytical Inquire

The lex specialis principle according to which special rules derogate from general ones lies in the core of the Western legal tradition. In the eyes of jurists and legal philosophers this principle is one of the most typical criterion against legal antinomies and has a plain and clear meaning. Most theories are concerned only with its interferences with the lex posterior and the lex superior principles. But this common view is unsatisfactory in many aspects. In fact, the lex specialis principle may be applied and it is often used to solve redundancy in law, rather than legal antinomies, and so it is a tool to prevent the simultaneous application of special and general compatible rules. This use is prominent in criminal law but it is widespread even in the other fields of law. Moreover, in every fields of law, the lex specialis principle is a device to coordinate and integrate special and general rules to obtain a more complete regulation of a certain matter: this use is essential for legal systems. In this paper there will be distinguished and discussed three very general topics: the speciality of law, i.e. the genus-species relationship among legal concepts; the phenomena of total-partial antinomies and of concurrent and repetitive rules; the derogation among special and general rules in the context of legal justification. Keywords: Lex specialis principle, legal reasoning, legal concepts, antinomies, redundancies in law. Resumen: La idea de lex specialis de acuerdo con la cual las reglas especiales derogan a las más generales es central en la tradición jurídica occidental. Los juristas y filósofos del Derecho presentan la lex specialis fundamentalmente como un criterio para resolver las antinomias jurídicas. Su significado a menudo es considerado sencillo y claro y la mayoría de las teorías se ocupan básicamente de sus interferencias con los principios lex posterior y lex superior. Creo que esta posición es insatisfactoria. De hecho, el principio lex specialis con frecuencia es empleado para resolver las redundancias en el Derecho, es decir, la aplicación simultánea de reglas específicas y generales compatibles. Este uso es patente en el Derecho penal, pero está también extendido en otras áreas del Derecho. Además, en todas las ramas jurídicas, nuestro principio sirve para coordinar e integrar reglas especiales y generales para obtener una regulación más completa de determinados asuntos: la vinculación de estas reglas constituye una herramienta fundamental de los sistemas jurídicos. Por tanto, en este artículo intento distinguir tres cuestiones: la especialidad del Derecho, es decir, la relación género-especie entre los conceptos jurídicos; el fenómeno de las antinomias total-parcial y las reglas concurrentes y reiterativas; la derogación entre reglas especiales y generales en el contexto de la justificación jurídica. Palabras clave: Principio de lex specialis, razonamiento jurídico, conceptos jurídicos, antinomia, redundancias en el Derecho

Doubly stochastic distributions of extreme events

The distribution of block maxima of sequences of independent and identically-distributed random variables is used to model extreme values in many disciplines. The traditional extreme value (EV) theory derives a closed-form expression for the distribution of block maxima under asymptotic assumptions, and is generally fitted using annual maxima or excesses over a high threshold, thereby discarding a large fraction of the available observations. The recently-introduced Metastatistical Extreme Value Distribution (MEVD), a non-asymptotic formulation based on doubly stochastic distributions, has been shown to offer several advantages compared to the traditional EV theory. In particular, MEVD explicitly accounts for the variability of the process generating the extreme values, and uses all the available information to perform high-quantile inferences. Here we review the derivation of the MEVD, analyzing its assumptions in detail, and show that its general formulation includes other doubly stochastic approaches to extreme value analysis that have been recently proposed

A Bayesian Nonparametric Method to Adjust for Unmeasured Confounding with Negative Controls

Unmeasured confounding bias is among the largest threats to the validity of observational studies. Although sensitivity analyses and various study designs have been proposed to address this issue, they do not leverage the growing availability of auxiliary data accessible through open data platforms. Using negative controls has been introduced in the causal inference literature as a promising approach to account for unmeasured confounding bias. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian nonparametric method to estimate a causal exposure-response function (CERF). This estimation method effectively utilizes auxiliary information from negative control variables to adjust for unmeasured confounding completely. We model the CERF as a mixture of linear models. This strategy offers the dual advantage of capturing the potential nonlinear shape of CERFs while maintaining computational efficiency. Additionally, it leverages closed-form results that hold under the linear model assumption. We assess the performance of our method through simulation studies. The results demonstrate the method's ability to accurately recover the true shape of the CERF in the presence of unmeasured confounding. To showcase the practical utility of our approach, we apply it to adjust for a potential unmeasured confounder when evaluating the relationship between long-term exposure to ambient $PM_{2.5}$ and cardiovascular hospitalization rates among the elderly in the continental U.S. We implement our estimation procedure in open-source software to ensure transparency and reproducibility and make our code publicly available

Funzione biopolitica delle frontiere nell’accoglienza a richiedenti asilo e rifugiati

Based on the Deleuze and Guattari’s elaboration of the ethnological concept of segmentarity, the article advances an interpretation of the ongoing reorganisation of (Italian) frontiers in response to the international migratory fluxes. From this point of view, the tree and the circle join the line as geometrical metaphors able to give back the structure and the functions of the frontiers and their capacity to articulate state powers (sovereign, disciplinary and biopolitical). The reorganisation of frontiers outlines the construction of a liminal space and time within the national borders in which these state powers are enforced upon migrant populations. It is a sort of internalisation of frontiers that couples with their already highlighted externalisation. Adopting a panoramic glance, the coupled processes of internalisation and externalisation of frontiers draw a transnational and interstate territory. Along this border territory, however discontinuous and stray, migrants flow and through it the contemporary figures of asylum seekers and refugees are constructed

Embodiment and body functionality appreciation as techniques for promoting a positive body image: a review of the literature

openCon il presente elaborato di tesi si vuole descrivere il costrutto teorico di immagine corporea con focus sui principali modelli teorici di riferimento e sulle sue componenti. Obiettivo dell' elaborato è quello di enfatizzare le pratiche che favoriscono lo sviluppo e il mantenimento di un'immagine corporea positiva quale aspetto centrale per il benessere psicofisico della persona. A tale fine verranno quindi descritte l'embodiment, la body functionality e le principali pratiche che accrescono una visione positiva del corpo. Infine verrà proposta una rassegna della letteratura volta a sintetizzare le principali tecniche ad oggi utilizzare per incrementare un immagine corporea positiva

El principio lex specialis: una explicación crítica

The principle lex specialis, according to which special rules derogate from general rules, belongs to the core of the Western legal tradition. In the eyes of jurists and legal philosophers, this principle would have a simple and clear meaning and would be a criterion for resolving normative antinomies. This common view is unsatisfactory in many respects. This article addresses three general topics that are often forgotten in literature. First, it is proposed to illustrate the legal specialty as a genus to species relationship between legal concepts. Secondly, it is proposed to examine the phenomenon of general and special rules not only when they are conflicting and generate total-partial antinomies, but mainly when they are redundant rules. Thirdly, and finally, it sheds light on the divergence between special and general rules in the context of legal justification.El principio lex specialis, según el cual las normas especiales se apartan de las normas generales, pertenece al núcleo de la tradición jurídica occidental. A los ojos de los juristas y filósofos del derecho, este principio tendría un sentido simple y claro, y sería un criterio para resolver las antinomias normativas. Este punto de vista general resulta insatisfactorio en muchos aspectos. Este artículo aborda tres tópicos generales que suelen quedar olvidados en la literatura. En primer lugar, se propone ilustrar la especialidad jurídica como una relación de género a especie entre conceptos jurídicos. En segundo lugar, se propone exa­minar el fenómeno de las normas generales y especiales no solo cuando sean conflictivas y generen antinomias total-parciales, sino principalmente cuando se trate de normas redundantes. En tercer lugar, y finalmente, se entiende que arroja luz sobre la divergencia entre normas especiales y generales en el contexto de la justificación jurídica